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Misterio resuelto: así era la primera flor que apareció en la Tierra


Raquel Segovia

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Un equipo de investigadores franceses desarrolló un modelo robótico con la apariencia y características que tendría el antepasado de todas las plantas con flor, a través del análisis de fósiles florales de hace millones de años. Los detalles

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Hace 470 millones de años -aproximadamente 30 o 40 millones antes de que los animales evolucionen con extremidades y pulmones, por ejemplo- las plantas ya existían en la superficie terrestre. Fuera del agua, sin embargo, las plantas se encontraron con condiciones muy distintas a las del océano: ambiente seco, sin flotabilidad para contrarrestar la gravedad y condiciones distintas a las hídricas para reproducirse. Por eso, todas las especies vegetales se fueron complejizando poco a poco con tallos más duros y reproducción por semillas o polen, entre otras adaptaciones.

Gracias a este proceso de evolución, hace por lo menos 140 millones de años, aparecieron las plantas con flores (o angiospermas) y con el tiempo se convirtió en el tipo dominante de plantas, con mayor número de especies (actualmente casi 400 mil)

En mayo de 2016, los expertos del Real Jardín Botánico de Kew, en Londres, publicaron un detallado informe sobre el estado de las plantas en el mundo. En él indicaban que de las 391 mil especies de plantas vasculares conocidas –de las cuales el 21% se encuentran en peligro de extinción aunque cada año se describan 2 mil más– unas 369 mil lucen flores: esta característica fundamentalmente reproductiva con formas y tonalidades, que, a pesar de que data de tiempos inmemoriales, es una innovación evolutiva relativamente reciente a escala geológica.

El modelo robótico que muestra como sería la primera flor de la tierra (Nature Communications –Hervé Sauquet & Jürg Schönenberger)

 

hora, un equipo de investigadores científicos francés publicó un estudio en la revista Nature Communications, donde señalan que su ancestro más reciente debió existir hace aproximadamente 250 o 140 millones de años.

La reconstrucción robótica que crearon del aspecto de la primera flor y el descubrimiento de nuevos aspectos de la evolución de estas plantas son dos de los aspectos más interesantes del trabajo coordinado por Hervé Sauquet, un botánico y biólogo evolutivo que trabaja en el Laboratorio de Ecología, Sistemática y Evolución de la Universidad de París-Sur, en Francia.

En el estudio se muestran por primera vez las posibles características de la que sería "la madre de todas las flores", el antepasado de todas las plantas con flor. Se trata de un espécimen que según sus conclusiones era hermafrodita porque ya presentaba órganos masculinos y femeninos.

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El modelo muestra una flor -similar a una magnolia o un jazmín- con muchos tépalos (estructuras que funcionan como pétalos y sépalos) formando dos espirales, con cinco estambres (órganos reproductivos masculinos) y cinco carpelos (órganos femeninos). Para determinarlo, examinaron 21 rasgos florales distintivos en 792 especies de angiospermas desde la posición de los ovarios hasta la relación que existe entre las diferentes familias a las que pertenecen a través de un minucioso estudio del registro fósil. No obstante, los fósiles florales más antiguos que existen no tienen más de 130 millones de años.

Este novedoso resultado arroja luz sobre un conocimiento sobre el origen de las flores que todavía es escaso. Aún falta descubrir cómo se originaron los mecanismo que impulsaron su gran diversificación, o por qué algunas especies perdieron sus estambres, por ejemplo.

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De hecho, los datos disponibles no permiten conocer el color, el tamaño o la forma exacta del antepasado floral que ahora han descrito. Ni siquiera en qué zona del mundo pudo crecer. Incluso los investigadores sostienen que no hay una especie que comparta estas características en la actualidad.Aun así, su investigación constituye una de las aproximaciones más precisas a la evolución de las plantas angiospermas y servirá en un futuro para impulsar nuevos estudios sobre estos organismos.

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