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Avance científico: crean dos vacunas que prometen combatir el ébola


Raquel Segovia

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Un grupo de científicos publicó una investigación en la que se detallan dos tipos de vacunas que combatirán la enfermedad y que podrán ser usados a partir del año 2018. Los efectos en los pacientes de los ensayos clínicos

La OMS dijo que una nueva epidemia de ébola era inevitable (iStock)

Dos vacunas experimentales contra el virus del ébola demostraron ser una promesa para proteger en menos de un año contra la fiebre hemorrágica, de acuerdo con los resultados de un amplio ensayo clínico publicado el miércoles.

El reporte en el New England Journal of Medicine hace el primer recuento completo de un esfuerzo a gran escala para probar lo que podría ser la primera vacuna contra el ébola.

El brote del virus altamente contagioso y frecuentemente mortal dejo más de 11.000 fallecidos, principalmente en Liberia, Guinea y Sierra Leona cuando afectó al oeste de África desde finales de 2013 hasta 2016.

 
El brote mortal dejo más de 11.000 fallecidos (iStock)
El brote mortal dejo más de 11.000 fallecidos (iStock)
 

La fase II del estudio involucró a 1.500 personas en Monrovia, Liberia. Los participantes fueron elegidos al azar para recibir una o dos vacunas para ser probadas o un placebo.

La primera vacuna candidata fue el precursor rVSV-ZEBOV, inicialmente diseñado por científicos del gobierno de Canadá y ahora autorizado a Merck, Sharp y Dohme Corporation.

La segunda vacuna fue cAd3-EBOZ, desarrollada en conjunto por el instituto nacional para alergias y enfermedades infecciosas de Estados Unidos (NIAID) y GlaxoSmithKline

Después de un mes, 84% de los que recibieron el rVSV-ZEBOV desarrollaron un anticuerpo. El 80% siguieron estando protegidos durante un año.

 
El nuevo brote de ébola surgió en el Congo, de donde es originaria la enfermedad (OMS)
El nuevo brote de ébola surgió en el Congo, de donde es originaria la enfermedad (OMS)

En el caso de la otra vacuna candidata, cAd3-EBOZ, el 71% desarrolló una respuesta de anticuerpo, y 64% siguió teniendo la misma respuesta en un año, cuando el tratamiento terminó.

"Este tratamiento clínico ha aportado valiosa información que es esencial para continuar el desarrollo de estas dos vacunas candidatas y que también han demostrado que una investigación bien diseñada, éticamente sólida, se puede diseñar durante una epidemia", dijo Anthony Fauci, director de NIAID.

"Una vacuna segura y efectiva sería un complemento importante a las clásicas medidas de seguridad pública para controlar un inevitable brote de ébola", añadió.

 
A partir del 2018, las vacunas estarán disponibles (Shutterstock)
A partir del 2018, las vacunas estarán disponibles (Shutterstock)

Algunas personas que recibieron las vacunas experimentaron "de leves a moderados efectos que se resuelven, tales como dolor de cabeza, dolor muscular, estado febril y fatiga", dijo el reporte.

"Sobre todo, los investigadores dijeron que no se identificaron mayores preocupaciones de seguridad relacionadas con las vacunas. La mayoría de los asuntos médicos serios reportados durante el proceso fueron debido a la malaria".

La prueba fue conducida como parte de una colaboración de investigación clínica entre Estados Unidos y Liberia, conocida como Partnership for Research on Ebola Virus in Liberia (PREVAIL).

Unos 15 tipos de vacunas están siendo diseñadas en el mundo para prevenir esta enfermedad. Los expertos han dicho que las primeras vacunas podrían ser aprobadas para usarse en 2018, utilizando un proceso regulatorio expedito.

Con información AFP

 

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