The Librarian

702016101_E_cnt_01.mp3 NEW YORK—Two video news releases featured in the Newsroom section of jw.org were recognized at the 36th Annual Telly Awards. News Update: Jehovah’s Witnesses Moving Forward and Stanley Theater Renovation each won a 2015 Bronze Telly Award in the “Online Video News Feature” category. Jared Kushner, CEO of Kushner Companies, as seen in the online video News Update: Jehovah’s Witnesses Moving Forward. News Update: Jehovah’s Witnesses Moving Forward reported on the Witnesses’ October 2, 2013, sale of a five-building complex in Brooklyn, New York, to RFR and Kushner Companies, part of the eventual move of their world headquarters from Brooklyn to Warwick, New York. The video news release featured excerpts from an interview with Jared Kushner, chief executive officer of Kushner Companies. Commenting on working with the Witnesses, Mr. Kushner stated: “A handshake means something with the Witnesses. It’s much easier to transact with a group where there’s a high level of trust.” Architectural historian and author Richard Polton, as seen in the online video Stanley Theater Renovation. Stanley Theater Renovationdocumented the Witnesses’ six-month renovation of the historic Stanley Theater in Jersey City, New Jersey, which reopened on April 13, 2013. This video news release featured comments from Witnesses who traveled at their own expense and volunteered to work on the project. It also featured comments from Richard Polton, an architectural historian and author, who spoke on the historical significance of the building and the Witnesses’ meticulous preservation of the building’s character. “This was one of the premiere theaters in the New York metropolitan area,” Mr. Polton stated. He also described the theater’s renovation by Jehovah’s Witnesses as “a heartening example of what can be done with one of the great buildings by an organization that’s really committed to use it and use it to the maximum without destroying its architectural character.” Both videos are available for download from the Newsroom section of jw.org, which features news releases and video news items as official information resources to assist media and academic professionals. The Telly Awards were founded in 1979 to honor outstanding television commercials and programs, video and film productions, and web videos and films. The field for 2015 was made up of over 12,000 qualifying entries produced between 2013 and 2015. “The Telly Awards has a mission to honor the very best in film and video,” said Linda Day, executive director of the Telly Awards. “The Witnesses’ accomplishment in the jw.org Newsroom illustrates their creativity, skill, and dedication to their craft and serves as a testament to great film and video production.” Media Contact: David A. Semonian, Office of Public Information, tel. +1 718 560 5000 https://www.jw.org/en/news/releases/by-region/world/jehovahs-witnesses-receive-telly-awards/

(If someone wants to start making a copy of this list in another language topic on here please do...or if I missed something please leave a comment below ) Part of series on: Doctrines unchanged since 1879 Biblical infallibility. Early copies of Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence made reference to the Bible as God's "infallible Word".[71] (this has slightly changed in 2015) God's name is Jehovah. Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell used the name "Jehovah" occasionally, but not consistently, when referring to God.[72] Jesus Christ gave his human life as a ransom sacrifice; belief in Jesus necessary for salvation. Russell believed that God's design for mankind was a restitution or restoration to the perfection and glory lost in Eden. This depended on God providing a ransom for all mankind to release them from the inevitability of death. Christ became that ransom sacrifice.[73][74] The timing of Christ's Second Coming, or "presence", can be calculated through Bible chronology. Russell believed the timing of Christ's advent could be calculated by determining the length and termination point of the "Gentile Times"[75][76] and also by calculating the close of six "thousand-year days" (6000 years) of human history, at which point God's Kingdom would be established.[62][77][78][79][80] Christ's return to earth was invisible. Russell claimed the Greek word parousia (Matthew 24:37) referred to a period of time, rendered more accurately as "presence" than "coming"[81] Paradise earth to be restored, humans to live forever.[82][83][84] Evolution is a teaching contrary to the Bible and denies the need of redemption by Christ.[85][need quotation to verify][86] Humans created as living souls.[87] The dead are unconscious, awaiting resurrection.[88] Anointed individuals are resurrected to heaven with spirit bodies.[89] God's Kingdom is an organized heavenly government over earth, ruled by Jesus and the anointed.[90] 1880–1889 1880: Clergy-laity distinction viewed as unscriptural.[91] 1881: Rejection of the Trinity doctrine.[92][93][94] Russell claimed the Trinity doctrine had "not a word of Scripture" to support it. He explained: "We understand the Scriptures to teach that the Holy Spirit is not a separate and distinct person, but that it is the divine mind or influence—the motive power of Divinity exercised everywhere and for any purpose, at His pleasure."[95][96][97] In 1877 Russell and co-author N. H. Barbour had criticized the anti-Trinitarian view of the Christadelphians;[98] an 1880 book by Zion's Watch Tower writer J. H. Paton emphasised that the Holy Spirit was a person[99] and early Watch Tower issues referred to the Holy Spirit as "he"[100][101][102] and part of the "Divine Three".[103] 1881: Faith alone is not enough for someone's becoming a joint-heir with Christ in heaven, but also a life of "self-sacrifice in the service of the truth" is required.[104] 1882: No hellfire. According to Russell, most references to "hell" in the New Testament were more accurately translated as "grave".[105][106] 1887: The New Covenant, which Russell had claimed since 1880 would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[107] was said to be "now in force".[108][109] 1890–1899[edit] 1890: The "Time of the End" of Daniel 12:4 is identified as beginning in October 1799—when Napoleon invaded Egypt and ended the power of the papacy—and closing in 1914, at which point violent worldwide revolution would mark the end of the old world order and the beginning of a new one.[110] 1891: Biblical rapture is not a sudden event. The anointed are changed into spirit form, throughout the whole period of Christ's presence, at the time of each one's physical death.[111][112] 1897: "This generation" of Matthew 23:36 defined as "people living contemporaneously."[113] 1900–1909 1904: Worldwide descent into anarchy and disintegration of human rule, previously predicted to occur in October 1914,[114][115] changed to "after October 1914".[116] 1904: 144,000 "elect" to go to heaven. Russell believed God had chosen a "fixed and limited ... number who should constitute the New Creation of God". God had not foreordained individuals, but those who met his "moral qualities and heart measurements" would be chosen to go to heaven.[117][118] 1904: "Great Company" of Revelation 7:9, 14 identified as a secondary spiritual class who have "insufficient zeal for the Lord, the Truth and the brethren" who are granted heavenly life, but on a lower spiritual plane.[119] In heaven they serve as servants rather than kings and priests.[120][121] 1907: The inauguration of the New Covenant described as belonging "exclusively to the coming age."[122] Russell began to teach that the "church" (144,000 anointed Christians) had no mediator, but itself joined Christ as a joint messiah and mediator during the millennium.[109][123] 1910–1919 1914: Length of each creative 'day' of Genesis defined as precisely 7000 years.[124] 1914: Russell "by no means confident" 1914 would bring the upheaval he had predicted.[125] 1916: Timing of Armageddon, previously claimed to have begun in 1874 and to culminate in 1914,[126][127] changed to have begun in 1914.[128][129] 1919: Preaching work displaces "character development" as the "chief concern" of Bible Students. Russell had taught that Christians should embark on the gradual process of "sanctification" and personality improvement to fight sinful inclinations[130][131] In 1919 The Watch Tower declared that the primary concern for Bible Students was to labor with God to find members of the elect class.[132] 1919: The seven angels, or "messengers", of Revelation chapters 1 and 2 are identified "for the first time in the history of the church" as St Paul, St John, Arius, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Martin Luther and Charles Taze Russell.[133] 1920–1929 1920: Jesus Christ's crowning as king of God's kingdom, previously 1878,[134] changed to 1914.[135] 1920: The preaching of the gospel of the kingdom "in all the world for a witness unto all nations", (Matthew 24:14), previously claimed to have already been completed,[136] identified as a work for modern-day anointed Christians.[137] 1922: Establishment of God's kingdom over earth, previously expected to result in the destruction of human governments and a "new rule of righteousness" by the end of 1914[138] changed to an invisible event in heaven in 1914.[139][140] 1923: "Sheep class", mentioned at Matthew 25:31-46 defined as those who do good to "elect" class and are rewarded by surviving Armageddon and gaining life under Christ's thousand-year reign.[141][142][143] Russell had previously applied the parable to the work of dividing the people in the Millennial Age.[144] 1923: Limitations placed on extent of Christ's ransom and resurrection hope. Russell had taught that Christ had provided a ransom for all; a 1923 Watch Tower article asserted that clergymen would not be resurrected and benefit from the ransom;[145] later articles claimed that benefits of the ransom would also be denied to Adam and Eve; those who died in the Noachian flood; those who died at Sodom and Gomorrah; both the falls of Jerusalem and those who will die at Armageddon.[146] 1925: Armageddon identified as a battle between God and Satan, resulting in the overthrow of human governments and false religion. Armageddon had previously been understood to mean a "melee between contending forces of mankind", resulting in social revolution and political anarchy.[147][148][149][150][151][152] 1925: Michael, the dragon and the man-child in Revelation chapter 12, previously defined as the Pope, the Roman Empire and the papacy, redefined as Jesus, Satan and the New Nation (or Kingdom), respectively.[153][154] 1926: Use of name Jehovah, previously used sparingly at assemblies and in public preaching, given new emphasis. Announced in January 1, 1926 issue of The Watchtower.[155] 1926: "Satan's organization" defined as the rulers of politics, commerce and religion and all their followers.[156] 1927: "First resurrection" of "sleeping saints", previously 1878,[157] changed to 1918.[158][159] 1927: Identification of "time of the end" as a 115-year period from 1799 to 1914 discontinued.[160] Final reference appeared in J. F. Rutherford's Creation (1927).[161] 1927: "Faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45-47, previously defined as Russell since 1897,[162][163][164][165] changed to a "class" comprising all remaining "anointed" Christians.[166] 1927: "This generation" of Matthew 23:36, previously defined as "people living contemporaneously"[113] changed to a remnant of the "anointed" on earth during Armageddon.[167] 1928: Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, previously regarded as a testimony to the Bible and its chronology,[48][168] declared to have no prophetic significance and built under the direction of Satan.[169] 1928: Celebration of Christmas, previously embraced as a "tribute of respect" to Christ,[170][171] discontinued because of its "pagan origin".[172] 1929: Honoring of God's name described as "the outstanding issue facing all intelligent creation".[173] 1929: "Superior authorities" of Romans 13:1 to whom Christians had to show subjection and obedience, previously defined as governmental authorities, redefined as God and Christ only.[174][175] Secular state then regarded as demonic and almost without redeeming features.[176] 1929: Beginning of "Time of the End" of Daniel 12:4 changed from 1799 to 1914.[177] 1930–1939 1931: Adoption of the name "Jehovah's witnesses".[178] 1932: Assertion that God's Holy Spirit ceased operating on his people when "[Jesus] the Lord came to his tem ple, in 1918",[179][180] at which point Jesus 'took charge of feeding the flock'.[181] 1932: The "Jews" who will be restored to their homeland, previously defined as literal Jews,[182] redefined as the Christian congregation.[176][183][184] 1932: Identification of "Jonadabs", a "sheep" class of people who take a stand for righteousness and who are to be preserved by God through Armageddon to gain everlasting life on earth. The term was drawn from the account at 2 Kings 10.[185] In 1920 Rutherford had written that it was "unreasonable" to think God was developing any class other than the little flock (the 144,000 to attain heavenly kingship) and the "great company" (second spiritual class also with a heavenly hope). In 1934 the Watchtower explained that the "Jonadabs" survive Armageddon by living in the figurative "City of refuge", represented by remaining affiliated with the Watch Tower Society.[186] 1932: Watch Tower Society adherents with an earthly hope should join the worldwide preaching work.[187] In 1927 The Watchtower had directed that only anointed Christians were "entitled" to take part in the ministry.[188] 1933: Christ's parousia – his second coming or invisible "presence" – previously established as 1874 and reaffirmed as late as 1929,[189] changed to 1914.[190] 1934: Vindication of God's name becomes central doctrine.[191] Rutherford noted that God had provided Jesus Christ's sacrifice as the redemption price for sinful humankind, but wrote that this was "secondary to the vindication of Jehovah's name".[192] 1934: The 1917 teaching that Russell was exercising strong influence from heaven on the "harvesting" of anointed Christians[193] described as "foolish".[194] 1935: "Great crowd" of Revelation 7 defined as the "sheep" of Matthew 25, resulting in a redirection of proselytizing efforts from gathering the "elect" (remnant of the 144,000 with a heavenly destiny) to gathering an indeterminate number of people who could survive Armageddon and receive everlasting life on earth. Previously, the "great crowd" was believed to have a heavenly hope.[141][195] 1935: Tobacco use "unclean" and prohibited for Bethel (branch office) staff and traveling overseers.[196] 1935: Vaccines, described since 1921 as "devilish" and "an outrage",[197][198] condemned as a violation of God's law.[199] 1936: Device on which Jesus was killed, previously defined as a wooden cross, redefined as a "tree".[200] An image of the cross appeared on the front page of The Watch Tower until October 1931.[201] 1937: Jehovah's Witnesses with an earthly hope could be described as "Christian".[202] In 1930 the Watchtower had asserted that the term "Christian" could be applied only to anointed followers of Christ.[203] 1938: God's mandate to "be fruitful and multiply" said to apply only after the start of the millennium. The Watchtower said the mandate had never been carried out under righteous conditions, and so had failed to be fulfilled according to God's will. Rutherford urged Witnesses to delay marriage and the bearing of children until after Armageddon.[204] 1939: Witnesses required to demonstrate complete neutrality in worldly affairs.[205] 1940–1949 1942: Tobacco prohibition applied to all appointed positions, such as congregation overseers and servants.[206] 1943: Destruction of Jerusalem moved from 606 BCE to 607 BCE, when the Watch Tower Society realised there was no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE, in order to maintain calculations regarding 1914; return of the Jews from Babylon to Jerusalem moved from 536 BCE to 537 BCE to maintain 70 years after 607 BCE.[207][208] 1943: Adam's creation, previously 4129 BCE[209] or 4128 BCE,[210] moved forward 100 years to 4028 BCE. The shift in dates also moved the termination point of 6,000 years of human history from October 1872[211] to 1972.[212][213] 1944: Responsibility for administering discipline, including disfellowshipping, of dissident members passed from entire congregation to congregational judicial committees.[214][215] Russell had recommended in a 1904 publication that a congregation "committee" investigate a congregant's serious "error or sin", but the entire congregation voted whether "to withdraw from him its fellowship".[216] 1944: Adam's creation, previously 4028 BCE, changed to 4026 BCE.[217] 1945: Blood transfusions forbidden.[218][219] Russell had viewed the prohibition on eating blood in Acts 15:19-29 as a "suggestion" to gentile Christians in order to "guard against stumbling themselves or becoming stumbling blocks to others"[220] and ensure peace within the early church.[221] 1950–1959 1951: "This generation" of Matthew 23:36, previously defined as a remnant of the "anointed" on earth during Armageddon[167] changed to "a 'generation' in the ordinary sense" who were alive in 1914.[222] 1951: Celebration of birthdays considered "objectionable" because celebrations are "steeped in false worship" and exalt humans.[223] 1952: Vaccines, previously condemned, considered acceptable.[224][225] 1953: Adam's creation, previously 4026 BCE, changed to 4025 BCE. End of God's 6,000-year "rest day" ending in northern hemisphere autumn 1976.[226] 1954: Worship of Jesus, previously considered appropriate and necessary,[227][228][229] deemed inappropriate, with the New World Translation translating proskyne′ō as "do obeisance to" rather than "worship" (King James Version).[230] 1955: Operation of Holy Spirit, asserted in 1932 to have ceased in 1918, stated as having been still operative after 1918.[231] 1960–1969 1961: Acceptance of blood transfusion deemed a disfellowshipping offence.[232] Acceptance of human organ transplant stipulated a personal matter to be decided without criticism.[233] 1962: "Superior authorities" of Romans 13:1 redefined as earthly governments, reverting the 1929 change[234] to ussell's 1886 teaching.[235] A year earlier, Russell's view was considered to have made the Watch Tower Bible Students unclean in God's eyes.[174][236] 1963: Adam's creation changed back to 4026 BCE.[237] End of 6,000 years of human history due in northern hemisphere autumn 1975.[238] 1967: Human organ transplants equated with cannibalism,[239] "a practice abhorrent to all civilized people", and said to be a procedure not permitted by God.[240] The Watchtower article announcing the view is interpreted by commentators as a prohibition.[9][241] In a 1972 article, Jehovah's Witnesses are described as having taken a "stand" against organ transplants, saving them from the consequences of such operations, on the basis of the description of the procedure as "a form of cannibalism".[242] 1968: Interval between Adam's creation and the close of the sixth creative "day", previously "quite some time",[213][217][243][244] changed to "a comparatively short period of time" that "may involve only a difference of weeks or months, not years." The change led to expectations that Christ's 1,000 year reign could begin in 1975.[245] 1970–1979 1973: Tobacco use banned. Tobacco users not to be accepted for baptism and baptized Witnesses to be disfellowshipped if they continue to smoke after "a reasonable period of time, such as six months".[246] 1980–1989 1980: Acceptance of human organ transplants stipulated as a matter of personal choice not warranting congregational discipline. View of transplants as cannibalism now said to be held only by "some Christians".[247] The Watchtower article is regarded by commentators as a reversal of Society's 1967 position that the procedure is not permitted by God.[9][241] 1981: Members who formally resign membership of the religion (disassociate) are to be shunned in the same manner as disfellowshipped Witnesses.[248] 1983: Martial arts and carrying "firearms for protection against humans" disqualify a Witness from "special privileges in the congregation", such as appointment as elder.[249] 1988: Length of creative 'days' in Genesis, previously defined as exactly 7,000 years each,[250] changed to "at least thousands of years in length" [emphasis added][251] 1990-1999 1990: Interval between Adam's creation and the close of the sixth creative "day" changed to "some time", employing a 1963 reference rather than the 1968 change.[252] 1992: The "modern-day Nethinim", previously defined as synonymous with the "other sheep",[253] redefined as a subset of the "other sheep" who serve in positions of authority within the organization as "helpers" to the Governing Body.[254] 1995: "This generation" at Matthew 23:36, previously defined as a typical human lifespan since Jesus' parousia in 1914,[222] redefined as a class of people displaying certain characteristics for an indefinite period of time.[255][256][257][258][259] 1995: Fulfillment of Jesus' parable of the separating of sheep and goats, previously considered to have been ongoing since 1914, changed to after the start of the 'great tribulation'.[260][261] 1995: The expression "vindication of Jehovah’s name" declared unnecessary, with emphasis on "vindicating his sovereignty" and "sanctifying his name" as being more accurate.[262] The former expression had not appeared in any publication since 1991.[263] 1999: Voting is no longer prohibited. It is also not encouraged. 2000–2009 2007: Selection of the 144,000 "anointed", previously considered to have ended in 1935,[264] changed to an indefinite period.[265] 2008: "This generation" redefined as "anointed" believers, who will "not pass away" before the great tribulation begins.[266] This was a return to the belief held in 1927.[167] 2010–2019 2010: "This generation" redefined to refer to a new generation of "anointed" whose lives "overlap" with "the anointed who were on hand when the sign began to become evident in 1914".[267] 2012: "Faithful and discreet slave", previously defined as synonymous with the "anointed" and represented by the Governing Body,[268] redefined to refer to the Governing Body only. The "domestics", previously defined as each member of the "anointed" individually, redefined as including all members of the "anointed" and the "great crowd". The "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48, previously defined as former "anointed" members who reject Jesus, redefined as a hypothetical warning to the "faithful slave".[269][270] 2014: "Third Heaven" meaning at 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 clarified to mean the Messianic Kingdom (first announced at the 'Keep Seeking First God's Kingdom!' - 2014 Regional Convention) 2014 Coordinator of the Body of Elders limited to 80 years of age. Aged Elders asked to consider stepping down as of September 1, 2014 2014: "Gog of Magog" redefined at the Annual Meeting 2014: Formerly avoided, TV style evangelism is now embraced with the new JW Broadcasting at the Annual Meeting differentiated by a lack of request for donations as other Televangelists. 2014: Text Messages are now counted as "return visits" 2015: Sponsoring of TV Game Shows is started 2015: The Inspired Word of God Can Include Imperfect Bible Translations 2016 Ezekiel chapter 9 - Identity of the man with the secretary's inkhorn changed from the anointed to Jesus Christ 2017 JW men sporting beards in field service appear more regularly - example 2018: "Russia and its Allies" are again "The King of the North" - 2018 Annual Meeting 2019: Two witness rule suspended in cases of Child Sexual Abuse after global outcry - Discussion here 2019: The understanding of the Locusts of Joel 2 and Revelation 22 changed - Discussion here References 71. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, January 1, 1908, page 2.72. Franz 2007, p. 49273. Russell 1886, pp. 149–17274. Charles Taze Russell, "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3821 (reprint).75. 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 36.76. "Who Can Read the Sign Aright?", Watchtower, February 1, 1985, page 10.77. Rogerson, Alan (1969), Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses, Constable & Co, London, pp. 17–23, ISBN 978-0-09-455940-078. Barbour 1877, pp. 67–7779. Penton 1997, p. 2080. Russell 1889, pp. 38, 3981. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, August 1879, Reprints 20, page 3.82. C. T. Russell, The Object and Manner of Our Lord's Return, 1877.83. The Watch Tower, July 1, 1879, p. 7 (reprint).84. "Speak the Pure Language and Live Forever!", The Watchtower, May 1, 1991, page 17, "In 1879...a small Bible-study group led by Charles Taze Russell was meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. They had become certain that Jesus’ second coming...would restore Paradise on earth, with eternal life for obedient humans."85. Charles Taze Russell, "Haverst Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3824 (reprint).86. C. T. Russell, The Divine Plan of the Ages, 1886, study IX, page 172, "These things are clearly taught in the Scriptures, from beginning to end, and are in direct opposition to the Evolution theory; or, rather, such "babblings of science, falsely so called," are in violent and irreconcilable conflict with the Word of God."87. Barbour 1877, pp. 6, 4288. Barbour 1877, p. 4289. Barbour 1877, p. 16590. Barbour 1877, p. 48,4991. Watch Tower, January 1880, Watch Tower Reprints page 64 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 292. Watch Tower, April 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 207 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 7, "And why did they thus keep the people in ignorance? Because they feared that if people knew this, the only text which gives even a shadow of support to the doctrine of the TRINITY, to be an interpolation to support a papal error, they might renounce the error".93. Zion's Watch Tower, September 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 278 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 132, "As to the motives and errors which may have led to these unwarranted interpolations of the [Bible] text, we may be able to offer a suggestion, viz., the last mentioned (1 John 5:7,8) was probably intended to give authority and sanction to the doctrine of the "Trinity."94. Watch Tower, October 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 290 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 4, ""He gave his only begotten Son." This phraseology brings us into conflict with an old Babylonian theory, viz.: Trinitarianism. If that doctrine is true, how could there be any Son to give? A begotten Son, too? Impossible. If these three are one, did God send himself? And how could Jesus say: "My Father is greater than I." John 14:28. [emphasis retained from original]"95. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, July 1882, Reprints 370, page 3.96. Penton, M. J. (1997), Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, p. 343, note 64, "Barbour and Paton were trinitarians ... although Henry Grew and George Stetson, two others who had influenced him, were non–trinitarians, Russell did not take a stand on the matter, at least publicly, until after his split with Paton."97. Jehovah's Witnesses, Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 120.98. N. H. Barbour, C. T. Russell, Three Worlds, 1877, page 57, "I am beginning to think Age-to-come people, and many others among pre-millennialists, do not believe in anything of a spiritual nature, or have the most remote comprehension of things of that order; either that the saint is raised 'a spiritual body,' or in the existence of spiritual beings, or even of the Holy Spirit itself. I know one class of age-to-come believers, the Christadelphians, do not. The Holy Spirit, say they, is but a principle, or element of power, and not an intelligence. It is nothing more nor less than 'electricity;' is taught in one of their books, now before me. What wonder they discern only a fleshly future."99. J. H. Paton, Day Dawn, A.D. Jones, 1880, page 225, 229, "The work of the Holy Spirit is one of the most important elements in the plan of revelation and salvation. He is always spoken of by the Saviour as a Person, and is called the " Spirit of truth." We will follow the Saviour's example in this, though we do not propose to deal with the philosophy of that fact. He being the Spirit of truth, it is His mission to make known the truth."100. Zion's Watch Tower, July 1880, page 8, "But the Spirit cannot resign his work until it is complete."101. Zion's Watch Tower, August 1880, page 4, "Then let the Spirit use his sword upon others as he may see fit to humble them, strip them of pride, and bring them to the rock that is higher than they."102. Zion's Watch Tower, November 1880, page 8, "The Spirit is still our leader and instructor. He is now telling us of Him who comes by way of unseen presence that He is here present."103. Zion's Watch Tower, March 1881, page 5, "The number three is surprisingly prominent, as the subject opens before us ... We would first call attention to the Divine Three – Father, Son and Holy Spirit – often mentioned in the Bible."104. Charles Taze Russell, "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3825 (reprint).105. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, May 1882, Reprints 356, page 8.106. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, September 1882, Reprints 392, page 4.107. "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.108. "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.109. Wills 2006, pp. 63–68110. Russell 1891, pp. 38,47–59111. Russell 1891, pp. 239–242112. Charles Taze Russell, "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3823 (reprint).113. Studies in the Scriptures 4. pp. 602–603.114. Russell 1889, p. 78115. "The Outlook - War & Prosperity", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, September 15, 1901 (R2876 page 292)116. "Universal Anarchy", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, July 1, 1904 (R3389 page 197)117. The New Creation, (Volume VI of Studies in the Scriptures), 1904, page 179: “We have every reason to believe that the definite, fixed number of the elect [chosen anointed ones] is that several times stated in Revelation (7:4; 14:1); namely, 144,000 ‘redeemed from amongst men."118. "The Great Company", Zion's Watch Tower, October 15, 1904.119. The New Creation, (Volume VI of Studies in the Scriptures), 1904, page 168-170.120. Wills 2006, pp. 57, 58121. "The Rank of the Ancient Worthies", "The Great Company", Zion's Watch Tower, October 15, 1904.122. "Our Advocate, the World's Mediator," Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907.123. "The Word Mediator Used Differently,", Watch Tower, January 1909.124. Scenario of the Photo-Drama of Creation, ©1914 International Bible Students Association, page 3125. "Views from the Watch Tower", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 1, 1914 (R5373: page 3)126. Russell 1889, p. 101127. "Overcome With Wine", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 15, 1892 (R1357: page 27)128. "What Smiting of the Waters May Mean", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, February 1, 1916 (R5845: page 38)129. "The Burning of the Tares", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, September 1, 1916 (R5951: page 265)130. The Watch Tower, October 1, 1913, pgs 291-295.131. Zion's Watch Tower, April 1, 1916, pages 98-99.132. The Watch Tower, December 15, 1919, pg 375.133. "The Table of the Great King,", The Watchtower, April 1, 1919, as cited by James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, pg 181.134. Russell 1889, p. 233135. Watch Tower, July 1, 1920, page 196.136. C. T. Russell, The Battle of Armageddon, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1897, page 568.137. "Gospel of the Kingdom", The Watchtower, July 1, 1920, pages 199-200.138. "View from the Tower", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 15, 1892 (R1354: page 19)139. New Heavens and a New Earth, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1953, page 225.140. Watch Tower, November 1, 1922, pages 332-337.141. Penton 1997, p. 72142."The Keys of the Kingdom and the Great Crowd", Watchtower, October 1, 1971, page 14.143. "The Parable of the sheep and goats", The Watchtower, October 15, 1923, pages 307-314.144. Wills 2006, p. 113145. Watch Tower, October 15, 1923.146. Wills 2006, pp. 141, 142147. Watch Tower, January 1, 1925.148. Rutherford 1930, p. 134149. Rutherford 1930, p. 223150. Rutherford 1930, p. 251151. Zion's Watch Tower, August 1, 1892, page 238.152. The Finished Mystery, 1917, pages 256-258. See comment on Rev. 16:16-20.153. Watch Tower, March 1, 1925, page 69.154. J. F. Rutherford, The Battle of Armageddon, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 541.155. "Restoration of True Religion", Watchtower, March 1, 1954, page 150.156. J.F. Rutherford, Deliverance, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1926, pages 268,269.157. Russell 1891, p. 306158. Watch Tower, June 1, 1927.159. Rutherford 1930, p. 226160. Russell 1891, p. 23161. Creation by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1927, chapter 12, page 314.162. The Battle of Armageddon (Part IV, "Studies in the Scriptures") by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1897, page 613.163. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, July 15, 1906, page 215.164. Franz 2002, pp. 78–79165. Watch Tower, March 1, 1923, pages 68 and 71, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2007, page 63.166. Watch Tower, January 1, 1927 and February, pages 7, 51-7, as cited by Penton, Apocalypse Delayed.167.The Watchtower: 62. February 15, 1927.168. Watchtower, June 15, 1922, page 187, as reproduced by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 225, 226.169. Watchtower, 1928, pages 339-45, 355-62, as cited by M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, page 170.170. "The Prince of Peace", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, December 1, 1904, page 364.171. The Golden Age, December 24, 1919, page 215: "Christmas is regarded by many people as the date of the birth of the babe Jesus in a manger at Bethlehem. Whether the date is correct or not is of small importance, but the event was and is of the greatest importance."172. 1975 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, page 146173. Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 152.174. Franz 2007, p. 484175. "The Higher Powers", Watch Tower, June 1929, pages 163-169, 179-185.176. Penton 1997, p. 65177. The Watchtower, December 1, 1929, pages 355-357, as cited by Edmond C. Gruss, The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society, page 117 and Tony Wills, A People For His name, page 48.178. Penton 1997, p. 62179. Preservation by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, page 103-194.180. Watch Tower, October 1, 1932, page 294.181. Preparation, ©1933 by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower, page 196182. The Watchtower, February 15, 1925, page 57, "We know the work of restitution must come to the Jews first, and through them to the rest of the world. As the Scriptures state that Jerusalem is to be the capital of the world and that the ancient worthies are to be princes in all the earth, we are warranted in expecting that the kingdom work will begin at Jerusalem."183. Vindication, Book 2, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, pages 258, 269, 295.184. Vindication, Book 3, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, page 333.185. Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 165.186. Watchtower, August 15, 1934, as cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name, pg 192-193.187. Vindication, J. F. Rutherford, Book III, pages 83. 84.188. Watchtower, January 15, 1927, pg 26, 27, "He who is called to be a minister of God must be a new creature, begotten of God's Holy Spirit; none other can have a share. In this ministry only those who are new creatures in Jesus Christ are entitled to share." As cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name,(2007), pg 194.189. Prophecy by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1929, chapter 4, page 65.190. Watch Tower, December 1, 1933, page 362: "In the year 1914 that due time of waiting came to an end. Christ Jesus received the authority of the kingdom and was sent forth by Jehovah to rule amidst his enemies. The year 1914, therefore, marks the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of glory."191. Penton 1997, p. 69192. Jehovah, J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1934.193. Watchtower, November 1, 1917, page 6161.194. J.F. Rutherford, Jehovah, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1934, page 191.195. Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, page 140.196. The Watchtower, March 1, 1935197. The Golden Age, October 12, 1921, Page 17, "Vaccination never prevented anything and never will, and is the most barbarous practice ... We are in the last days; and the devil is slowly losing his hold, making a strenuous effort meanwhile to do all the damage he can, and to his credit can such evils be placed ... Use your rights as American citizens to forever abolish the devilish practice of vaccinations."198. The Golden Age, January 5, 1929, Page 502, "Thinking people would rather have smallpox than vaccination, because the latter sows seeds of syphilis, cancers, eczema, erysipelas, scrofula, consumption, even leprosy and many other loathsome affections. Hence the practice of vaccinations is a crime, an outrage, and a delusion."199. The Golden Age, April 2, 1935, Page 465, "As vaccination is a direct injection of animal matter in the blood stream, vaccination is a direct violation of the law of Jehovah God."200. Riches, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1936, page 27.201. Franz 2007, p. 150202. Watchtower, November 1, 1937, page 336, as cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name, pg 195.203. Watchtower, March 1, 1930, page 71, "Since "Christ' means the anointed of God, it is manifestly true that no one can properly be termed a Christian who is not in Christ and who has not received the anointing."204. A People for His Name, Tony Wills, pgs 186-187, citing Watchtower October 15, 1938, pg 307, Watchtower, November 1, 1938, page 323, Watchtower, November 15, 1938, page 346.205. Watch Tower, November 1, 1939, as cited by Jehovah's Witnesses, Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 193.206. The Watchtower, July 1, 1942, pages 205-206207. "Questions from Readers". The Watchtower: 94. February 1, 1955. "Jehovah's witnesses from 1877 up to and including the publishing of "The Truth Shall Make You Free" of 1943 considered 536 B.C. as the year for the return of the Jews to Palestine"208. "Determining the Year by Fact and Bible". The Watchtower: 271–2. May 1, 1952. "Concerning the first error, Russell and others considered 1 B.C. to A.D. 1 as being two years whereas in fact this is only one year because, as has been said above, there is no "zero" year in the B.C.-A.D. system for counting years."209. Russell 1889, p. 54210. Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, May 15, 1896, R1980 page 112.211. Three Worlds, by N. H. Barbour and C. T. Russell, 1877, pages 67, 186, as cited by Edmund Gruss, The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation, 1972, pages 62-63.212. The Truth Shall Make You Free, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1943, chapter 11, page 151.213. Gruss, Edmond C. (1972), The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation, Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co, pp. 68–69, ISBN 0-87552-306-4214. Penton 1997, p. 89215. The Watchtower, May 15, 1944.216. The New Creation, Watch Tower, 1904, pages 289-290, "The administration of discipline is not the function of the elders only, but of the entire [congregation]. ... If the reproved one fails to clear himself, and continues in the error or sin, then two or three brethren without previous prejudice should be asked to hear the matter and advise the disputants. (Elders they may or may not be, but their eldership would add no force or authority in the case except as their judgment might be the riper and their influence the more potent.) If this committee decide unanimously with either party, the other should acquiesce and the matter be wholly at an end--correction, or restitution, so far as possible, being promptly made. If either of the original disputants still persists in the wrong course, the [accuser, a committee member] or, preferably, all of these together, may then (but not sooner) exercise their privilege of bringing the matter before the [congregation]. Thus it is evident that the Elders were in no sense to be judges of the members—hearing and judgment were left to the [congregation]. The two preliminary steps (above mentioned) having been taken, the facts being certified to the elders, it would be their duty to call a general meeting of the [congregation], as a court--to hear the case in all of its particulars, and in the name and reverence of its Head to render a decision. ... if the transgressor refuse to hear (obey) the decision of the entire [congregation], ... the [congregation] is to withdraw from him its fellowship and any and all signs or manifestations of brotherhood. [emphasis retained from original]217. "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, 1 February 1955: 94–95218. Penton 1997, p. 153219. The Watchtower, July 1. 1945.220. The Watch Tower, November 15, 1892 p. 351.221. The Watch Tower, April 15, 1909 pp. 116-117, "These prohibitions had never come to the Gentiles, because they had never been under the Law Covenant; but so deeply rooted were the Jewish ideas on this subject that it was necessary to the peace of the Church that the Gentiles should observe this matter also ... these items thus superadded to the Law of Love should be observed by all spiritual Israelites as representing the Divine will.”222. The Watchtower: 404. July 1, 1951.223. Questions From Readers, Watchtower, October 1, 1951.224. The Watchtower, December 15, 1952.225. "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, September 15, 1958: "Q: Are we to consider the injection of serums such as diphtheria toxin antitoxin and blood fractions such as gamma globulin into the blood stream, for the purpose of building up resistance to disease by means of antibodies, the same as the drinking of blood or the taking of blood or blood plasma by means of transfusion? A: No, it does not seem necessary that we put the two in the same category, although we have done so in times past.226. "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, 1 February 1955: 95227. "Interesting Queries", Watch Tower, July 15, 1898, page 216.228. Watchtower, November 15, 1939, page 339: "Jehovah God commands all to worship Christ Jesus because Christ Jesus is the express image of his Father, Jehovah"229. Watchtower, October 15, 1945, page 313: "Since Jehovah God now reigns as King by means of his capital organization Zion, then whosoever would worship Him must also worship and bow down to Jehovah's Chief One in that capital organization, namely, Christ Jesus."230. "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, January 1, 1954, page 30.231. "Modern Restoration of True Worship (1919-1932)", The Watchtower, May 15, 1955, page 296, "Jesus—then to expand on a global scale—so now in the spring of 1919 there was an outpouring of Jehovah’s Holy Spirit organizationally upon the Christian remnant."232. Watchtower, January 15, 1961, page 63.233. Watchtower, August 1, 1961, page 480.234. Watchtower, November 15, 1962.235. The Divine Plan of the Ages, by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1886, page 266: "They taught the Church to obey the laws, and to respect those in authority because of their office, even if they were not personally worthy of esteem; to pay their appointed taxes, and, except where they conflicted with God's laws (Acts 4: 19; 5: 29), to offer no resistance to any established law. (Rom. 13: 1 - 7)"236. "The Congregation in the Time of the End", Watchtower, March 1, 1961, page 146.237. All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1963, page 286.238. "The Removal of Mankind's Chief Disturber", The Watchtower, 15 July 1967: 446–447239. Awake, June 8, 1968, Page 21 “Christian witnesses of Jehovah,... consider all transplants between humans as cannibalism.”240. Watchtower, November 15, 1967, pages 702-704241. Penton, M. J. Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, pp. 165–171, "In 1967 the society suddenly decided that what had been permissible no longer was. Organ transplants suddenly became a form of human cannibalism ... Yet after many faithful Jehovah's Witnesses had suffered for their faith by giving up transplants which in some cases could have made their lives more pleasant and comfortable and by saving them from early death in others, the society again reversed itself."242. "Keep Abstaining from Blood", Awake!, July 8, 1972, page 28, "The stand of the Christian witnesses of Jehovah—that such transplants are in effect a form of cannibalism—proved a safeguard. How so? In that it spared them much frustration, grief and anxiety, which were experienced not only by the patients and their relatives but even by many of the assisting medical personnel."243. "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, February 1, 1955, page 95, "However, from our present chronology (which is admitted imperfect) at best the fall of the year 1976 would be the end of 6,000 years of human history for mankind... Obviously, whatever amount of Adam’s 930 years was lived before the beginning of that seventh-day rest of Jehovah, that unknown amount would have to be added to the 1976 date."244. Thy Kingdom Come by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, pages 127-128. "long enough [for Adam] to realize his lack of a companion" and an additional "two years would not be an improbable estimate" to have passed between Adam's creation and Edenic expulsion (beginning the seventh creative day).245. "Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?", The Watchtower, August 15, 1968, page 499-500246. Watchtower, June 1, 1973, page 340.247. "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, March 15, 1980, page 31.248. John Dart, "Defectors Feel Witnsses' Wrath", Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1982, Part II, page 4, "The Sept. 15 Watchtower magazine told members that anyone who has written a letter of resignation should be shunned as if he had been 'disfellowshipped', or expelled ... 'This is a hardening, a tightening, of our policy,' confirmed William Van De Wall, a headquarters spokesman for the Watchtower Society. Denying any great membership losses, Van De Wall said the new directive was to counteract 'disgruntled' ex-members."249. “Seek Peace and Pursue It”, The Watchtower, July 15, 1983, page 25250. "Questions from readers", The Watchtower, January 1, 1987, page 30, "A study of the fulfillment of Bible prophecy and of our location in the stream of time strongly indicate that each of the creative days is 7,000 years long. It is understood that Christ’s reign of a thousand years will bring to a close God’s 7,000-year ‘rest day,’ the last ‘day’ of the creative week. Based on this reasoning, the entire creative week would be 49,000 years long."251. "Creation", Insight, volume 1, 1988 Watch Tower, page 545, "Since the seventh day has been continuing for thousands of years, it may reasonably be concluded that each of the six creative periods, or days, was at least thousands of years in length ... Ascribing not just 24 hours but a longer period of time, thousands of years, to each of the creative days better harmonizes with the evidence found in the earth itself."252. All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 286.253. Man's Salvation Out of World Distress at Hand!, pages 167–168 (1975)254. The Watchtower, April 15, 1992, pages 12–17255. Watchtower, November 1, 1995, page 20.256. The Watchtower, June 1, 1997, page 28: "The recent information in The Watchtower about "this generation" did not change our understanding of what occurred in 1914. But it did give us a clearer grasp of Jesus' use of the term "generation," helping us to see that his usage was no basis for calculating-counting from 1914 – how close to the end we are."257. Joel P. Engardio (December 18, 1995), "Apocalypse Later", Newsweek258. Penton 1997, p. 317259. John Dart, "Jehovah's Witnesses Abandon Key Tenet", Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1995.260. Watchtower, February 1, 1995.261. Penton 1997, p. 316262. "Part 2—Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 25263. "Chapter 24: Why Jesus Came to Earth", The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived, ©1991, "Jesus came to earth particularly to preach about God’s Kingdom, which will vindicate his Father’s name"264. Watchtower, February 15, 1995, p.19.265. Watchtower, May 1, 2007, pages 30-31: "It appears that we can not set a specific date for when the calling of Christians to the heavenly hope ends."266. "Watchtower", February 15, 2008, pages 23-24: "On the other hand, Christ's faithful anointed brothers, the modern-day John class, have recognized this sign as if it were a flash of lightning and have understood its true meaning. As a class, these anointed ones make up the modern-day "generation" of contemporaries that will not pass away "until all these things occur."* This suggests that some who are Christ's anointed brothers will still be alive on earth when the foretold great tribulation begins."267. "Holy spirit's role in the outworking of Jehovah's purposes", The Watchtower, 15 April 2010: 10268. "Your Leader Is One, the Christ". The Watchtower: 23. September 15, 2010.269. "Annual Meeting Report".270. The Watchtower: 20–25. July 15, 2013.

A AH - Assembly Hall B BOE - Body of EldersBSCC - Bible School for Christian Couples C CA - Circuit AssemblyCBS - Congregation Bible StudyCCJW - Christian Congregation of Jehovah's WitnessesCG – Construction GroupsCO - Circuit OverseerCOBE - Coordinator Of Body of EldersCV – Construction Volunteers D DC - District ConventionDO - District OverseerDRC - Disaster Relief Committee E F FDS - Faithful and Discreet Slave G GB - Governing Body H HBH - Home But HidingHLC - Hospital Liaison Committee I IVCW - International Volunteer Construction Workers J JW - Jehovah's Witnesses K KH - Kingdom HallKMS - Kingdom Ministry School L LDC - Local Design/Construction Department - referred to in this LetterLWLR - Lands with Limited Resources M MEPS - Multi-language Electronic Photo-type SystemMS - Ministerial Servant N NH- Not-at-Home O P PSS - Pioneer Service SchoolPVG - Patient Visitation Group Q R RBC - Regional Building CommitteeRV - Return Visit S SAD - Special Assembly Day (old term)SCE - School for Congregation EldersSKE - School for Kingdom EvangelizersSM - Service Meeting T TMS - Theocratic Ministry School U V W WDC /RDC Worldwide Design/contr & Regional Design/Contr for assembly hallsWBTS - Watchtower Bible & Tract SocietyWT - Watchtower X Y Z See also:List of JW Terminology

English -------------------------------- A Anciano de Betel - cesado 2006B C Conmemoración de la Muerte de Nuestro Señor JesucristoCHD E Escuela de Entrenamiento MinisterialEscuela de Evangelizadores del Reino Escuela de GalaadEscuela de Varones SolterosEstudio Biblico de congregaciónEstudio de Libro de congregación - cesado Abril 2008FGHIJKLLLMNÑOPQR S Salon del ReinoSuperintendente de CircuitoSuperintendente de CiudadSuperintendente de DistritoTUVWXYZ

This page has been moved to a wiki page that we can all update here: https://www.theworldnewsmedia.org/wikis/world-wiki/religion/list-of-terminology-used-by-jehovahs-witnesses-r25/

Jehovah's Witnesses > Notable JW'sSee also: Celebrities who are/were JW's Alive: Brothers: Mark SandersonWilliam MalenfantDon AdamsKarl A. AdamsJoel AdamsMichael AronowitzTed ArmstrongMalcolm AllenDavid IanelliNorman Mosure "Stormin' Norman" - District OverseerGeorge Couch (Bethelite 1957-2007)Geoffrey Jackson (Governing Body Member)Colin Quackenbush - Talk / Talk (still alive?)Angelo Manera - District Overseer - TalkJudah SchroederGary Breaux oversees Richard Ashe Sisters: Simone Arnold Liebster Deceased: Pastor Charles Taze Russell (spouse) (foster daughter)Joseph L. RussellAlexander H MacMillanGeorge Storrs (Influenced Pastor Russell)Henry Grew (Influenced Pastor Russell)George Stetson (Influenced Pastor Russell)Judge Rutherford / Joseph Franklin RutherfordNathan KnorrNelson H. Barbour (Influenced Pastor Russell Pre-Watch Tower)Frederick William FranzRaymond FranzTheodore JaraczDaniel SydlikCarey BarberKarl A AdamsMilton G. HenschelLiebster, MaxJohn E. BarrLeopold EngleitnerWilliam 'Bible' BrownW. Glen HowGrant SuiterHayden C. CovingtonOlin R. MoyleUlysses Glass - Gilead InstructorBob MackeyBenjamin Martin J.R. Brown Albert Schroeder Charles Sinutko Sisters: Nancy YuenLilian Gobitas KloseDorothy Covington, Wife of Civil Liberties Attorney Hayden Covington, Dies at 92Jeanette (Jenny) JacksonSee also:Bethel Personnel Assignments (2000) Note - Over the past 15 years keeping information available, organized and online has proven very difficult. If you see a name above then there was once an entire article, photos and more about the person yet they have been lost through moves and technology changes. If you have lots of details about one of them please make a topic and start posting about them. I will link them up at a later date.

Enjoy! lllll ... ...

@JW Insider made a detailed comment about how this calculation was made somewhere on jw-archive.org He might remember exactly which post it was on.

See main article on Holy Spirit >THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA{*} (circa. 350-428 C.E.): “...The people of the Old Testament WERE UNAWARE of a distinct hypostasis of a Holy Spirit identified as a person [GREEK FONTS] in its own right in God, since everyone before the coming of Christ the Lord knew of God and creation BUT NOTHING FURTHER. The divine Scripture taught this to its readers at that time without having an insight into anything in invisible creation consisting of separate kinds, referring to all the invisible and ministering beings in general as angels and powers, which according to its teaching carried out the divine decisions. Consequently, they WERE NOT in a position to know of a Holy Spirit as a distinct hypostasis in God, being unable even to list separate kinds among th eministering beings or to associate with God what could be described as a distinct person (provswpon), SINCE THEY UNDERSTOOD NOTHING OF THIS SORT...” - (Chapter , Section , “On Haggai 2.5,” Page 29, Introduction, Subheading 6, “Christological and Trinitarian theology of the Commentary,” in: “THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA COMMENTARY ON THE TWELVE PROPHETS,” Translated by Robert C. Hill, Australian Catholic University, in: “THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH - A NEW TRANSLATION,” The Catholic University Of America Press, Washington, D.C., Copyright © 2004.)[FOOTNOTE *]: Also known as: “Theodore of Antioch.”http://www.scribd.com/doc/232435060/17/COMMENTARY-ON-THE-PROPHET-HAGGAITHEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA{*} (circa. 350-428 C.E.): “...J[oe]l 2.28, “I shall pour out my spirit on all flesh,” Theodore hastens to comment, “...The people in the time of the Old Testament did not understand the Holy Spirit to be a [GREEK FONT] distinct from the others, being both God and from God; by ‘spirit of God,’ ‘holy spirit,’ and every other such name at the time THEY REFERRED TO HIS GRACE, CARE, AND AFFECTION...” - (Chapter , Section , “On Joel,” Page 28, Introduction, Subheading 6, “Christological and Trinitarian theology of the Commentary,” in: “THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA COMMENTARY ON THE TWELVE PROPHETS,” Translated by Robert C. Hill, Australian Catholic University, in: “THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH - A NEW TRANSLATION,” The Catholic University Of America Press, Washington, D.C., Copyright © 2004.)[FOOTNOTE *]: Also known as: “Theodore of Antioch.”http://www.scribd.com/doc/232435060/17/COMMENTARY-ON-THE-PROPHET-HAGGAI

See main article on Holy Spirit > GREEK TEXT: “...Μᾶλλον δὲ φιλοσοφήσω σοι περὶ αὐτοῦ μικρὸν ἄνωθεν. Περὶ τριάδος γὰρ καὶ πρότερον διειλήφαμεν. Τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Σαδδου καῖοι μὲν οὐδὲ εἶναι τὸ παράπαν ἐνόμισαν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀγγέλους, οὐδὲ ἀνάστασιν· οὐκ οἶδ' ὅθεν τὰς τοσαύτας περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίας ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ διαπτύσαντες. Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ θεολογικώτεροι, καὶ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν προσεγγίσαντες, ἐφαντάσθησαν μέν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ· περὶ δὲ τὴν κλῆσιν διηνέχθησαν, νοῦν τοῦ παντός, καὶ τὸν θύραθεν νοῦν, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα προσαγορεύσαντες. Τῶν δὲ καθ' ἡμᾶς σοφῶν οἱ μὲν ἐνέργειαντοῦτο ὑπέλαβον, οἱ δὲ κτίσμα, οἱ δὲ θεόν, οἱ δὲ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ὁπότερον τούτων, αἰδοῖ τῆς γραφῆς, ὥς φασιν, ὡς οὐδέτερον σαφῶς δηλωσάσης. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε σέβουσιν, οὔτε ἀτι μάζουσι, μέσως πως περὶ αὐτοῦ διακείμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ λίαν ἀθλίως. Καὶ τῶν θεὸν ὑπειληφότων οἱ μὲν ἄχρι διανοίας εἰσὶν εὐσεβεῖς, οἱ δὲ τολμῶσιν εὐσεβεῖν καὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν. Ἄλλων δὲ ἤκουσα μετρούντων θεότητα σοφωτέρων, οἳ τρία μὲν εἶναι καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁμολογοῦσι τὰ νοούμενα, τοσοῦτον δὲ ἀλλήλων διέστησαν, ὡς τὸ μὲν καὶ οὐσίᾳκαὶ δυνάμει ποιεῖν ἀόριστον· τὸ δὲ δυνάμει μέν, οὐκ οὐσίᾳ δέ· τὸ δὲ ἀμφοτέροις περιγραπτόν· ἄλλον τρόπον μιμούμενοι τοὺς δημιουργόν, καὶ συνεργόν, καὶ λειτουργὸν ὀνομάζοντας, καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὀνόμασι τάξιν καὶ χάριν τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίαν εἶναι νομίζοντας...” - (Chapter 31, Oration 5, [31.5] “Fifth Theological Oration Oration,” MPG.)http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Gregory%20of%20Nazianzus_PG%2035-38/De%20spiritu%20sancto.pdfGREGORY OF NAZIANZEN (circa. 329-390 C.E.):“...But as concerning [Or: “as respects”] those of us [Or: “among us” “in our midst”] who are wise [Or: “who are learned”], indeed, there are those who [Or: “some who are”] of the opinion [Or: “support” “accept” “concieve” “take as their interpretation/opinion”] that it is an active force [Or: “a power that is at work inwardly” “an energizing influence”], but others, a created thing [Or: “something resulting from an act of creation” “a creature”], yet others again, that it is a god [Or: “God” with a captial “G”], but there are ones who do not know which of the forgoing [they believe] out of a [Or: “their”] deep respect [Or: “profound awe or reverence”] for the opinion of the scriptures, merely affirming, that neither are clearly defined as actually written [Or: “explicitly made clear” “explained in an obvious manner” “distincly legible”]...” - (Chapter 31, Oration 5, [31.5] “Fifth Theological Oration Oration,” Translated by Matt13weedhacker 13/07/2014)GREGORY OF NAZIANZEN (circa. 329-390 C.E.):“...some consider the holy spirit to be [Gk., ( ENERGIA ) Gk., ( ενέργεια )] A FORCE, others a creature, others God. Others making the vagueness of Scripture their excuse, decline to commit themselves...” - (Chapter 31, Oration 5, [31.5] “Fifth Theological Oration Oration,” Page 183, Subheading 7, “The Holy Spirit, (Pneumatology),” Chapter 8, “The 12 Essential Doctrines for Christianity,” in: “Essential Christianity Essential Christianity: Foundations for a Faithful Faith,” By Keith Sherlin, Forward by Dr. Mal Couch : 1stPresident of Tyndale Theological Seminary, Author House, 2006.)http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=RhwDJwFpSZgC&pg=PA182&dq=GREGORY+OF+NAZIANZEN+%E2%80%9Csome+consider+the+holy+spirit+to+be+A+FORCE,+others+a+creature,+others+God.+Others+making+the+vagueness+of+Scripture+their+excuse,+decline+to+commit+themselves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MSzAU_D5DorVkwWw-IHQAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falseGREGORY OF NAZIANZEN (circa. 329-390 C.E.):“...Of the wise amongst us some consider the Holy Spirit to be [Gk., ( ENERGIA ) Gk., ( ενέργεια )] an energy, others a creature, others God, while others again cannot make up their minds to adopt any definite view out of reverence for Scripture, as they put it, because it does not make any very definite statement on the point. On this account they neither accord to Him divine adoration nor do they refuse it to Him, and thus take a middle road, but which is really a very bad path. Of those again who hold Him to be God, some keep this pious belief to themselves, while others state it openly. Others to a certain degree measure the Godhead since like us they accept the Trinity, but they put a great distance between the three by maintaining that the first is infinite in substance and power, the second in power, but not in substance, while the third is infinite in neither of these two respects...” - (Chapter 31, Oration 5, [31.5] “Fifth Theological Oration Oration,” Page 115, Appendix: “The Doctrine of The Holy Ghost and of The Trinity,” in: “HISTORY OF DOGMA,” Volume IV, By Dr. Adolph Harnack, Translated from the Third German Edition, By Neil Buchanan, Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company Limited, 10 Orange Street, London W. C. 2. Dover edition, 1961.)[FOOTNOTE]:Adolf Harnack (cica. 1851-1930 C.E.)http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma4http://m.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma4.ii.ii.i.ii.htmlGREGORY OF NAZIANZEN (circa. 329-390 C.E.):“...Or rather, let me reason with you about Him from a somewhat earlier point, for we have already discussed the Trinity. The Sadducees altogether denied the existence of the Holy Spirit, just as they did that of Angels and the Resurrection; rejecting, I know not upon what ground, the important testimonies concerning Him in the Old Testament. And of the Greeks those who are more inclined to speak of God, and who approach nearest to us, have formed some conception of Him, as it seems to me, though they have differed as to His Name, and have addressed Him as the Mind of the World, or the External Mind, and the like. But of the wise men amongst ourselves, some have conceived of him as [Gk., ( ENERGIA ) Gk., ( ενέργεια )] an Activity, some as a Creature, some as God; and some have been uncertain which to call Him, out of reverence for Scripture, they say, as though it did not make the matter clear either way. And therefore they neither worship Him nor treat Him with dishonour, but take up a neutral position, or rather a very miserable one, with respect to Him. And of those who consider Him to be God, some are orthodox in mind only, while others venture to be so with the lips also. And I have heard of some who are even more clever, and measure Deity; and these agree with us that there are Three Conceptions; but they have separated these from one another so completely as to make one of them infinite both in essence and power, and the second in power but not in essence, and the third circumscribed in both; thus imitating in another way those who call them the Creator, the Co-operator, and the Minister, and consider that the same order and dignity which belongs to these names is also a sequence in the facts...” - (Chapter 31, Oration 5, [31.5] “Fifth Theological Oration Oration,” Translated by Charles Gordon Browne and James Edward Swallow. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894.)http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310231.htm

Satan = [Resister]. In many places in the Hebrew Scriptures, the word sa·tan′ appears without the definite article. Used in this way, it applies in its first appearance to the angel that stood in the road to resist Balaam as he set out with the objective of cursing the Israelites. (Nu 22:22, 32) In other instances it refers to individuals as resisters of other men. (1Sa 29:4; 2Sa 19:21, 22; 1Ki 5:4; 11:14, 23, 25) But it is used with the definite article ha to refer to Satan the Devil, the chief Adversary of God. (Job 1:6, ftn; 2:1-7; Zec 3:1, 2) In the Greek Scriptures the word sa·ta·nas′ applies to Satan the Devil in nearly all of its occurrences and is usually accompanied by the definite article ho. Origin. The Scriptures indicate that the creature known as Satan did not always have that name. Rather, this descriptive name was given to him because of his taking a course of opposition and resistance to God. The name he had before this is not given. God is the only Creator, and ‘his activity is perfect,’ with no injustice or unrighteousness. (De 32:4) Therefore, the one becoming Satan was, when created, a perfect, righteous creature of God. He is a spirit person, for he appeared in heaven in the presence of God. (Job chaps 1, 2; Re 12:9) Jesus Christ said of him: “That one was a manslayer when he began, and he did not stand fast in the truth, because truth is not in him.” (Joh 8:44; 1Jo 3:8) Jesus here shows that Satan was once in the truth, but forsook it. Beginning with his first overt act in turning Adam and Eve away from God, he was a manslayer, for he thereby brought about the death of Adam and Eve, which, in turn, brought sin and death to their offspring. (Ro 5:12) Throughout the Scriptures the qualities and actions attributed to him could be attributed only to a person, not to an abstract principle of evil. It is clear that the Jews, and Jesus and his disciples, knew that Satan existed as a person.So, from a righteous, perfect start, this spirit person deviated into sin and degradation. The process bringing this about is described by James when he writes: “Each one is tried by being drawn out and enticed by his own desire. Then the desire, when it has become fertile, gives birth to sin; in turn, sin, when it has been accomplished, brings forth death.” (Jas 1:14, 15) In the course that Satan took, there seems to be, in some respects, a parallel with that of the king of Tyre as described in Ezekiel 28:11-19.—See PERFECTION (The first sinner and the king of Tyre).The Scriptural account, therefore, makes it plain that it was Satan who spoke through the medium of a serpent, seducing Eve into disobedience to God’s command. In turn, Eve induced Adam to take the same rebellious course. (Ge 3:1-7; 2Co 11:3) As a consequence of Satan’s use of the serpent, the Bible gives Satan the title “Serpent,” which came to signify “deceiver”; he also became “the Tempter” (Mt 4:3) and a liar, “the father of the lie.”—Joh 8:44; Re 12:9. Issue of Sovereignty Raised. When Satan approached Eve (through the speech of the serpent), he actually challenged the rightfulness and righteousness of Jehovah’s sovereignty. He intimated that God was unrightfully withholding something from the woman; he also declared that God was a liar in saying that she would die if she ate the forbidden fruit. Additionally, Satan made her believe she would be free and independent of God, becoming like God. By this means this wicked spirit creature raised himself higher than God in Eve’s eyes, and Satan became her god, even though Eve, at the time, apparently did not know the identity of the one misleading her. By his action he brought man and woman under his leadership and control, standing up as a rival god in opposition to Jehovah.—Ge 3:1-7.The Bible, in lifting the veil to give a glimpse into heavenly affairs, reveals that Satan later as a rival god appeared before Jehovah in heaven, challenging Jehovah to His face, saying that he could turn God’s servant Job, and by implication any servant of God, away from Him. He charged God, in effect, with unrighteously giving Job everything, along with full protection, so that he, Satan, could not test Job and show what was really in his heart, which, Satan intimated, was bad. He implied that Job served God primarily for selfish considerations. Satan made this point of his argument clear when he said: “Skin in behalf of skin, and everything that a man has he will give in behalf of his soul. For a change, thrust out your hand, please, and touch as far as his bone and his flesh and see whether he will not curse you to your very face.”—Job 1:6-12; 2:1-7; see SOVEREIGNTY.In this special case, Jehovah allowed Satan to bring calamity upon Job by not interfering when Satan brought about a raid from Sabean marauders as well as destruction of flocks and shepherds by what Job’s messenger called “the very fire of God” from the heavens; whether this was lightning or other fire is not stated. Satan also brought a raid by three bands of Chaldeans, as well as a windstorm. These things caused the death of all of Job’s children and destroyed his property. Finally, Satan inflicted a loathsome disease upon Job himself.—Job 1:13-19; 2:7, 8.These things reveal the might and power of the spirit creature Satan, as well as his vicious, murderous attitude.It is important to note, however, that Satan recognized his impotence in the face of God’s express command, for he did not challenge God’s power and authority when God restricted him from taking Job’s life.—Job 2:6.Continued Opposition to God. By his challenge of God and his charging God’s servants with lack of integrity, Satan lived up to his title “Devil,” meaning “Slanderer,” which title he deserved for having slandered Jehovah God in the garden of Eden.Joined by other wicked demons. Before the Flood of Noah’s day, it appears that other angels of God left their proper habitation in the heavens, as well as their assigned positions there. Materializing human bodies, they came to dwell on earth, marrying women and producing offspring called Nephilim. (Ge 6:1-4; 1Pe 3:19, 20; 2Pe 2:4; Jude 6; see NEPHILIM; SON OF GOD.) These angels, having left God’s service, came under the control of Satan. Hence Satan is called “the ruler of the demons.” In one instance, when Jesus expelled demons from a man, the Pharisees accused him of doing so by the power of “Beelzebub, the ruler of the demons.” That they had reference to Satan is shown by Jesus’ answer: “If Satan expels Satan, he has become divided against himself.”—Mt 12:22-27. The apostle Paul associates Satan with “the wicked spirit forces in the heavenly places,” and he speaks of them as “the world rulers of this darkness.” (Eph 6:11, 12) As a governing force in the invisible realm immediately about the earth, Satan is “the ruler of the authority of the air.” (Eph 2:2) In Revelation he is shown to be the one “misleading the entire inhabited earth.” (Re 12:9) The apostle John said that “the whole world is lying in the power of the wicked one.” (1Jo 5:19) He is therefore “the ruler of this world.” (Joh 12:31) That is why James wrote that “the friendship with the world is enmity with God.”—Jas 4:4. His Fight to Destroy the “Seed.” Satan made early efforts to block the promise of the “seed” to come through Abraham. (Ge 12:7) He evidently tried to get Sarah contaminated so that she would be unfit to bear the seed; but God protected her. (Ge 20:1-18) He did everything possible to destroy the ones whom God chose as Abraham’s seed, the nation of Israel, by inducing them to sin and by bringing other nations against them, as Bible history shows throughout. A high point in Satan’s ambitious attempts in his fight against God, and what appeared to Satan to be success, was reached when the king of the Third World Power of Bible history, Babylon, took Jerusalem, overturning the rulership of King Zedekiah of the line of David, and destroyed the temple of Jehovah, desolating Jerusalem and Judah.—Eze 21:25-27. As an instrument of Satan, the ruling dynasty of Babylon, initially headed by Nebuchadnezzar, held Israel in exile for 68 years, until Babylon’s overthrow. Babylon had no intention of ever releasing its captives and so reflected Satan’s own boastful, ambitious attempts as a rival god opposed to the Universal Sovereign Jehovah. The Babylonian kings, worshiping their idol god Marduk, the goddess Ishtar, and a host of others, were actually worshipers of the demons and, as part of the world alienated from Jehovah, were under Satan’s domination.—Ps 96:5; 1Co 10:20; Eph 2:12; Col 1:21. Satan filled the king of Babylon with the ambition to have complete domination over the earth, even over “Jehovah’s throne” (1Ch 29:23) and “the stars of God,” the kings of the line of David sitting on the throne at Mount Moriah (by extension, Zion). This “king,” that is, the dynasty of Babylon, ‘lifted himself up’ in his own heart and was in his own eyes and in the eyes of his admirers a “shining one,” a “son of the dawn.” (In some translations the Latin Vulgate term “Lucifer” is retained. It is, however, merely the translation of the Hebrew word heh·lel′, “shining one.” Heh·lel′ is not a name or a title but, rather, a term describing the boastful position taken by Babylon’s dynasty of kings of the line of Nebuchadnezzar.) (Isa 14:4-21) Since Babylon was a tool of Satan, its “king” reflected Satan’s own ambitious desire. Again, Jehovah came to the salvation of his people by restoring them to their land, until the real Seed of promise should come.—Ezr 1:1-6. Efforts to cause Jesus to stumble. Satan, no doubt identifying Jesus as the Son of God and the one who was prophesied to bruise him in the head (Ge 3:15), did everything he could to destroy Jesus. But, when announcing the conception of Jesus to Mary, the angel Gabriel told her: “Holy spirit will come upon you, and power of the Most High will overshadow you. For that reason also what is born will be called holy, God’s Son.” (Lu 1:35) Jehovah safeguarded his Son. The efforts to destroy Jesus when an infant were unsuccessful. (Mt 2:1-15) God continued to protect Jesus during his youth. After his baptism, Satan approached Jesus in the wilderness with three different strong temptations, thoroughly testing him on the issue of devotion to Jehovah. In one of his appeals Satan showed Jesus all the kingdoms of the world, claiming them to be his own. Jesus did not contradict this claim. Nonetheless, Jesus refused to contemplate even for the briefest instant of time any “shortcut” to kingship, nor did he consider for an instant the doing of anything merely to please himself. His immediate reply to Satan was, “Go away, Satan! For it is written, ‘It is Jehovah your God you must worship, and it is to him alone you must render sacred service.’” At this, “the Devil . . . retired from him until another convenient time.” (Mt 4:1-11; Lu 4:13) This illustrates the truth of James’ words later written: “Oppose the Devil, and he will flee from you.”—Jas 4:7. Jesus was ever alert to the danger of Satan’s machinations and to the fact that Satan desired to cause his destruction by getting him to entertain a thought contrary to Jehovah’s will. This was demonstrated when Peter, on one occasion, though with good intentions, was actually throwing temptation in his way. Jesus had spoken of the suffering and death he was to undergo. “At this Peter took him aside and commenced rebuking him, saying: ‘Be kind to yourself, Lord; you will not have this destiny at all.’ But, turning his back, he said to Peter: ‘Get behind me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to me, because you think, not God’s thoughts, but those of men.’”—Mt 16:21-23. Throughout Jesus’ ministry he was in danger; Satan used human agents to oppose Jesus, trying either to cause him to stumble or to kill him. At one time the people were about to seize Jesus to make him king. But he would not consider such a thing; he would accept kingship only in God’s time and way. (Joh 6:15) On another occasion those of his own hometown attempted to kill him. (Lu 4:22-30) He was constantly harassed by those whom Satan used to try to trap him. (Mt 22:15) But in all of Satan’s efforts, he failed to cause Jesus to sin in the slightest thought or deed. Satan was thoroughly proved to be a liar, and he failed in his challenge of God’s sovereignty and the integrity of God’s servants. As Jesus said, shortly before his death: “Now there is a judging of this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out”—completely discredited. (Joh 12:31) Satan had a grip on all mankind through sin. But, knowing that Satan would soon bring about his death, Jesus, after celebrating his last Passover with his disciples, could say: “The ruler of the world is coming. And he has no hold on me.”—Joh 14:30. A few hours later, Satan succeeded in having Jesus put to death, first getting control of one of Jesus’ apostles, then using the Jewish leaders and the Roman World Power to execute Jesus in a painful and ignominious manner. (Lu 22:3; Joh 13:26, 27; chaps 18, 19) Here Satan acted as “the one having the means to cause death, that is, the Devil.” (Heb 2:14; Lu 22:53) But in this Satan failed to promote his cause; he only unwillingly fulfilled prophecy, which required that Jesus die as a sacrifice. The death of Jesus in blamelessness provided the ransom price for humankind, and by his death (and subsequent resurrection by God) Jesus could now help sinful humankind to escape from the grip of Satan, for, as it is written, Jesus became blood and flesh “that through his death he might bring to nothing the one having the means to cause death, that is, the Devil; and that he might emancipate all those who for fear of death were subject to slavery all through their lives.”—Heb 2:14, 15. Continues to fight Christians. After Jesus’ death and resurrection, Satan continued to wage a bitter fight against Christ’s followers. The accounts in the book of Acts and in the letters of the Christian Greek Scriptures furnish numerous proofs of this. Paul said that he had been given “a thorn in the flesh, an angel of Satan, to keep slapping” him. (2Co 12:7) And as in the case with Eve, Satan disguised his real nature and purposes by “transforming himself into an angel of light,” and he had agents, ministers who “also keep transforming themselves into ministers of righteousness.” (2Co 11:14, 15) Examples of these were the false apostles who fought against Paul (2Co 11:13) and those in Smyrna ‘who said they themselves were Jews, and yet they were not but were a synagogue of Satan.’ (Re 2:9) Satan never ceased in making accusations “day and night” against Christians, challenging their integrity, as he did Job’s. (Re 12:10; Lu 22:31) But Christians have “a helper with the Father, Jesus Christ, a righteous one,” who appears before the person of God in their behalf.—1Jo 2:1. His Abyssing and Final Destruction. At the time of Satan’s act in causing Eve and then Adam to rebel against God, God said to the serpent (actually speaking to Satan, since a mere beast could not understand the issues involved): “Dust is what you will eat all the days of your life. And I shall put enmity between you and the woman and between your seed and her seed. He will bruise you in the head and you will bruise him in the heel.” (Ge 3:14, 15) Here God made it known that Satan, cast outside God’s holy organization, would have no life-sustaining hope but would ‘eat dust,’ as it were, until he died. The “seed” eventually was to bruise him in the head, which would signify a death wound. When Christ was on earth, the demons identified him as the One who was to hurl them into the “abyss,” evidently a condition of restraint that in the parallel account is spoken of as “torment.”—Mt 8:29; Lu 8:30, 31; see TORMENT. In the book of Revelation, we find described the last days of Satan and his end. Revelation reports that at the time of Christ’s taking Kingdom power, Satan is hurled down out of heaven to the earth, no longer having access to the heavens, as he did in the days of Job and for centuries thereafter. (Re 12:7-12) After this defeat Satan has only a “short period of time,” during which he makes war with “the remaining ones of [the woman’s] seed, who observe the commandments of God and have the work of bearing witness to Jesus.” In his efforts to devour the remaining ones of the woman’s seed, he is called “the dragon,” a swallower or crusher. (Re 12:16, 17; compare Jer 51:34, where Jeremiah speaks for Jerusalem and Judah, saying: “Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon . . . has swallowed me down like a big snake [or, “a dragon,” ftn].”) In the earlier description of his fight against the woman and his efforts to devour her man child, he is pictured as “a great fiery-colored dragon.”—Re 12:3. Revelation’s 20th chapter describes Satan’s being bound and abyssed for a thousand years, at the hands of a great angel—doubtless Jesus Christ, who has the key of the abyss and who is the “seed” to bruise Satan’s head.—Compare Re 1:18; see ABYSS. Satan’s final effort culminates in permanent defeat. The prophecy says that he is to be let loose for “a little while” as soon as Christ’s Thousand Year Reign is ended and that he will lead rebellious persons in another attack upon God’s sovereignty; but he is hurled (along with his demons) into the lake of fire and sulfur, everlasting destruction.—Re 20:1-3, 7-10; compare Mt 25:41; see LAKE OF FIRE. What is meant by ‘handing a person over to Satan for destruction of the flesh’? In instructing the congregation at Corinth as to the action to take toward a member of the congregation who had wickedly been committing incest with the wife of his father, the apostle Paul wrote: “Hand such a man over to Satan for the destruction of the flesh.” (1Co 5:5) This was a command to expel the man from the congregation, cutting off all fellowship with him. (1Co 5:13) Turning him over to Satan would put him out of the congregation and into the world over which Satan is the god and ruler. Like “a little leaven” in “the whole lump” of dough, this man was “the flesh,” or fleshly element inside the congregation; and by removing this incestuous man, the spiritually minded congregation would destroy “the flesh” from the midst of it. (1Co 5:6, 7) Similarly, Paul handed Hymenaeus and Alexander over to Satan, because they had thrust aside faith and a good conscience and had experienced shipwreck concerning their faith.—1Ti 1:20.Later, the incestuous man in Corinth apparently repented from his wrongdoing and cleaned up, prompting the apostle Paul to recommend his being received back into the congregation. In exhorting them to forgiveness, he gave as one of the reasons, “that we may not be overreached by Satan, for we are not ignorant of his designs.” (2Co 2:11) In the first instance, Satan had brought the congregation into a bad condition in which they had to be reproved by the apostle, for they were too lenient, in fact, were letting the wicked man carry on his practice without regard for the reproach it brought, being “puffed up” in allowing it. (1Co 5:2) But on the other hand, if they now swung to the other extreme and refused forgiveness to the repentant one, Satan would be overreaching them in another direction, namely, that he could take advantage of their becoming hard and unforgiving. Through God’s Word, Christians are enlightened to realize Satan’s existence, his power, his designs and purposes, and his manner of operation, so that they can fight this spiritual foe with the spiritual weapons God provides.—Eph 6:13-17.- Insight on the ScripturesWill Satan be dead when he is in the abyss for one thousand years?Who ultimately destroys or “kills” Satan? Jesus Christ or Jehovah?What about the Demons? Devil This descriptive name was given to Satan because he is the chief and foremost slanderer and false accuser of Jehovah, his good word, and his holy name. The Greek di·a′bo·los means “slanderer.” (Compare Lu 16:1, where the related verb di·a·bal′lo occurs.)—See SATAN. Down through the centuries the Devil has demonstrated that he is the arch-opposer of both God and man. He disputed with Michael over the body of Moses (Jude 9); showed he has power to ensnare others (1Ti 3:7; 2Ti 2:26); used people such as the false religious leaders, Judas Iscariot, and Bar-Jesus as his children (Joh 8:44; 13:2; Ac 13:6, 10); oppressed persons beyond the cure of the physicians (Ac 10:38); had righteous ones thrown into prison (Re 2:10); and even had the means to cause untimely death (Heb 2:14). Christians are, therefore, admonished not to give this Slanderer of God an opening by continuing in a provoked state. (Eph 4:27) “Keep your senses, be watchful,” Peter warns. “Your adversary, the Devil, walks about like a roaring lion, seeking to devour someone.”—1Pe 5:8. There are other instances in the original text of the Christian Greek Scriptures where the word di·a′bo·los occurs but does not refer to Satan, so the word is properly rendered “slanderer.” For example, in referring to Judas, Jesus said to the 12, “One of you is a slanderer” (Joh 6:70); women in the congregation were cautioned not to be slanderous (1Ti 3:11; Tit 2:3); that “men will be . . . slanderers” is one of the evidences of “the last days.”—2Ti 3:1-5. Jehovah’s law to the nation of Israel forbade them to slander one another. (Le 19:16) The tenor of the entire Bible is against such misuse of the tongue.—2Sa 19:27; Ps 15:3; 101:5; Pr 11:13; 20:19; 30:10; Jer 6:28; 9:4. See alsoWatchtower (Public) - November 2014 - Is Satan Real?Can Satan Influence Our Dreams?Satan The Master Craftsman PDF

Taking Delight in Reading God's Word - Audio talks by Jack JonesWhat Is Your Personal Bible Reading Custom? - Talk by Gerrit LoschMaxwell Friend: Reading of Jehovah's WordHistory of the English Bible - Audio

Elohim does not mean a "plural oneness" or a "plurality of persons".That the Hebrew plural is often used for a singular noun to denote "a `plural' of majesty or excellence" is well-known by all Biblical Hebrew language experts and has been known from at least the time of Gesenius (1786-1842), who is still regarded as one of the best authorities for Biblical Hebrew.Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament ("long regarded as a standard work for students"), p. 49, shows that elohim, is sometimes used in a numerically plural sense for angels, judges, and false gods. But it also says,"The plural of majesty [for elohim], occurs, on the other hand, more than two thousand times." And that elohim when used in that sense "occurs in a [numerically] singular sense" and is "constr[ued] with a verb ... and adjective in the singular."Gesenius - Kautzsch's Hebrew Grammar, 1949 ed., pp. 398, 399, says: "The pluralis excellentiae or maiestatis ... is properly a variety of the abstract plural, since it sums up the several characteristics belonging to the idea, besides possessing the secondary sense of an intensification of the original idea. It is thus closely related to the plurals of amplification .... So, especially Elohim ... `God' (to be distinguished from the plural `gods', Ex. , etc.) .... That the language has entirely rejected the idea of numerical plurality in Elohim(whenever it denotes one God) is proved especially by its being almost invariably joined with a singular attribute."More modern publications (trinitarian Protestant and Catholic) also make similar acknowledgments of the intended plural of majesty or excellence meaning for elohim. (See the New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Vol. v., p. 287.Nelson's Expository Dictionary of the Old Testament, describes elohim: "The common plural form `elohim,' a plural of majesty." - Unger and White, 1980, p. 159The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia says: "It is characteristic of Heb[rew] that extension, magnitude, and dignity, as well as actual multiplicity, are expressed by the pl[ural]." - Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1984 ed., Vol. II, p. 1265.Today's Dictionary of the Bible, 1982, Bethany House Publishers, written by trinitarian scholars, says of elohim:"Applied to the one true God, it is the result in the Hebrew idiom of a plural magnitude ormajesty. When applied to the heathen gods, angels, or judges ..., Elohim is plural in sense as well as form." - p. 208.The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. xxi, July 1905 (Aaron Ember) tells us: "several phenomena in the universe were designated in Hebrew by plural expressions because they inspired the Hebrew mind with the idea of greatness, majesty,grandeur, and holiness."Ember also says: "Various theories have been advanced to explain the use of the plural elohim as a designation of the God of Israel. least plausible is the view of the Old Theologians, beginning with Peter Lombard (12th century A. D.), that we have in the plural form a reference to the Trinity .... that the language of the OT has entirely given up the idea of plurality [in number] in elohim (as applied to the God of Israel) is especially shown by the fact that it is almost invariably construed with a singular verbal predicate, and takes a singular attribute."...elohim must rather be explained as an intensive plural denoting greatness and majesty, being equal to the Great God. It ranks with the plurals adonim [`master'] and baalim[`owner', `lord'] employed with reference to [individual] human beings."The famous trinitarian scholar, Robert Young, (Young's Analytical Concordance and Young'sLiteral Translation of the Bible) wrote in his Young's Concise Critical Commentary, p. 1,"Heb. elohim, a plural noun ... it seems to point out a superabundance of qualities in the Divine Being rather than a plurality of persons .... It is found almost invariably accompanied by a verb in the singular number."Both Exodus and 7:1 show God calling Moses "a god" (elohim). This alone shows the error of some that the plural elohim must mean a "plural oneness" unless we want to believe Moses was a multiple-person Moses.And The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, Zondervan Publishing, 1986, tells us: "Elohim, though plural in form, is seldom used in the OT as such (i.e. `gods'). Even a single heathen god can be designated with the plural elohim (e.g. Jdg. ; 1 Ki. 11:5; 2 Ki. 1:2). In the plural is understood as the plural of fullness; God is the God who really, and in the fullestsense of the word, is God." - p. 67, Vol. 2.The NIV Study Bible says about elohim in its footnote for Gen. 1:1:"This use of the plural expresses intensification rather than number and has been called the plural of majesty, or of potentiality." – p. 6, Zondervan Publ., 1985.And the New American Bible ( ed.) tells us in its "Bible Dictionary" in the appendix:"ELOHIM. Ordinary Hebrew word for God. It is the plural of majesty." – Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1970.A Dictionary of the Bible by William Smith (Smith's Bible Dictionary, p. 220, Hendrickson Publ.) declares:"The fanciful idea that [elohim] referred to the trinity of persons in the Godhead hardly finds now a supporter among scholars. It is either what grammarians call the plural of majesty, or it denotes the fullness of divine strength, the sum of the powers displayed by God."And the prestigious work edited by says about this:"It is exegesis of a mischievous if pious sort that would find the doctrine of the Trinity in the plural form elohim [God]" ("God," Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics).To show how ancient Jewish scholars themselves understood this we can look at the work of the seventy Hebrew scholars who translated the ancient Hebrew Scriptures (OT) into Greek several centuries before the time of Christ. The Greek language did not use the "plural of excellence" that the Hebrew did. So, if we see a plural used in the Greek Septuagint, it was really intended to represent more than one individual.So how is elohim rendered in the Greek Septuagint by those ancient Hebrew scholars? Whenever it clearly refers to Jehovah God, it is always found to be singular in number (just as in New Testament Greek): theos . Whenever elohim clearly refers to a plural (in number) noun, it is always found to be plural in number in Greek (just as in the New Testament Greek): "gods" theoi (nominative) or theois (accusative).For example: "I am the Lord thy God [elohim - plural of excellence in Hebrew becomestheos - singular in the Greek Septuagint]" - Ex. 20:2. And "know that the Lord he is God [as always, the plural elohim, as applied to the God of Israel, becomes the singular, theos in the Septuagint] he made us..." - Ps. 100:3.But when elohim really does mean plural in number, we see it rendered into the Greek plural for "gods" in the Septuagint: "Thou shalt not worship their gods [elohim in Hebrew becomestheois - plural in the Greek Septuagint], nor serve them .... And thou shalt serve the Lord thy God [singular - Greek]." - Ex. 23:24-25. And elohim at Ps. 82:6 is translated in the Septuagint as the plural theoi. This scripture is also quoted in the NT at John 10:34 where Jesus is shown also using the plural theoi. The plural elohim argument is no more proper than the plural "faces" argument: When the Hebrew scriptures speak of the face of God, they invariably use the plural Hebrew word which is literally "faces" (e.g. Ex. 33:20, Num. , Ps. ). Obviously, according to this type of trinitarian reasoning, to have "faces" God must be more than one person!It is apparent to any competent OT Bible scholar that "faces" is used in a similar manner to the plural "elohim." That is, the plural "faces" is used in a singular sense in the ancient Hebrew idiom.We only have to look at other uses in the Bible. King David, for example, is described with the plural "faces" usage: 2 Sam. uses the plural "faces" twice for King David! This scripture, when translated into the ancient Greek Septuagint hundreds of years before Christ, used the singular "face" in Greek. The same thing has happened in many scriptures, e.g. 2 Ki. (Jehoshaphat) and 2 Ki. (an official).Clearly, the Hebrew translators of that time did not understand a "multiple-person God" (any more than a "multiple-person David [or Jehoshaphat]") or they certainly would have translated the plural Hebrew "faces" of God with the plural Greek word for "faces." But theynever did!Likewise, as with the plural elohim, the New Testament writers never followed the Hebrew plural usage for "face," but always used the singular "face" for God (e.g., Heb. 9:24). How extremely strange if they really believed God was more than one person.We see exactly the same thing happening for translations of the plural elohim in the ancient Septuagint and in the Christian NT.Yes, all the NT Bible writers, whether quoting from the OT or writing their own God-inspired NT scriptures, always used the singular "God" (theos) in NT Greek when speaking of the only true God of the Bible. (If the plural form had been used for the only true God, we would even discover a new "trinity" at John 10:34.)It is absolutely incredible that John, Paul, and the other inspired NT writers would not have used the plural Greek form to translate the plural Hebrew form of "God" if they had intended in any degree to imply that God was in any way more than one person!

Part of a series on: ALMIGHTY. Heb., Shad·dai′, plural to denote excellence, occurs 41 times and is translated “Almighty” or “Almighty One.” (Ge 49:25; Ps 68:14) The corresponding word in the Christian Greek Scriptures is Pan·to·kra′tor and means “Almighty,” or, “Ruler Over All; One Who Has All Power.” (2Co 6:18; Re 15:3) The expression ʼEl Shad·dai′, “God Almighty,” occurs seven times in M and indicates that Jehovah has irresistible power.—Ge 17:1; Ex 6:3. ANCIENT OF DAYS. Aram., ʽAt·tiq′ Yoh·min′, meaning “One Advanced [or, Aged] in Days.”—Da 7:9, 13, 22. CREATOR. Heb., Boh·reʼ′. (Isa 40:28; 42:5) GRAND CREATOR.—Ec 12:1. FATHER. Heb., ʼAv; Gr., Pa·ter′; Lat., Pa′ter; as Creator (Isa 64:8); as giver of everlasting life to all those who exercise faith. (Joh 5:21) The expression “Holy Father” is used exclusively with reference to Jehovah.—Joh 17:11. Compare Mt 23:9. GOD. Heb., ʼEl, without the definite article, probably meaning “Mighty One; Strong One.”—Ge 14:18. GOD. Heb., ʼEloh′ah, singular of ʼElo·him′, without the definite article. It occurs 41 times in Job and 16 times in other books.—Job 3:4. GOD. Heb., ʼElo·him′, without the definite article. In The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. XXI, Chicago and New York, 1905, p. 208, Aaron Ember wrote: “That the language of the O[ld] T[estament] has entirely given up the idea of plurality in אלהים [ʼElo·him′] (as applied to the God of Israel) is especially shown by the fact that it is almost invariably construed with a singular verbal predicate, and takes a singular adjectival attribute. . . . אלהים [ʼElo·him′] must rather be explained as an intensive plural, denoting greatness and majesty, being equal to The Great God. It ranks with the plurals אדנים [ʼadho·nim′, “master”] and בעלים [beʽa·lim′, “owner; lord”], employed with reference to human beings.” ʼElo·him′ draws attention to Jehovah’s strength as the Creator and occurs 35 times in the creation account.—Ge 1:1-2:4. GOD OF GODS (LORD OF LORDS). De 10:17; Da 2:47. GOD OF TRUTH. Heb., ʼEl ʼemeth′, indicating that Jehovah is true and faithful in all his dealings.—Ps 31:5. GRAND GOD. Aram., ʼElah′ rav.—Da 2:45. HAPPY GOD. Gr., ma·ka′ri·os The·os′.—Compare 1Ti 1:11. HOLY GOD. Heb., ʼElo·him′ qedho·shim′.—Jos 24:19. HOLY, HOLY, HOLY. Heb., qa·dhohsh′, qa·dhohsh′, qa·dhohsh′. This expression as applied to Jehovah includes holiness, cleanness, purity and sacredness to the superlative degree.—Isa 6:3; Re 4:8. INDEFINITELY LASTING GOD. Heb., ʼEl ʽoh·lam′.—Ge 21:33. INSTRUCTOR. Heb., Moh·reh′. (Job 36:22) GRAND INSTRUCTOR.—Isa 30:20. I SHALL PROVE TO BE WHAT I SHALL PROVE TO BE. See Ex 3:14 ftn. JEALOUS. Heb., Qan·naʼ′, meaning “Insisting on Exclusive Devotion.”—Ex 34:14; see also Eze 5:13. JEHOVAH GOD. Ge 2:4. See App 1A. JEHOVAH OF ARMIES (JEHOVAH OF HOSTS) (LORD OF HOSTS). (This expression with minor variations occurs 283 times in M. It also occurs twice in the Christian Greek Scriptures where Paul and James quoted or alluded to prophecies in the Hebrew Scriptures. (See Ro 9:29; Jas 5:4.) The expression “Jehovah of armies” indicates the power held by the Ruler of the universe, who has at his command vast forces of spirit creatures.—Ps 103:20, 21; 148:2; Isa 1:24; Jer 32:17, 18. See App 1E. KING OF ETERNITY. Gr., Ba·si·leus′ ton ai·o′non.—Compare 1Ti 1:17. KING OF THE NATIONS. Heb., Me′lekh hag·goh·yim′.—Jer 10:7. LIVING GOD. Heb., ʼElo·him′, with the plural adjective chai·yim′ (De 5:26); or with the singular adjective chai (Isa 37:4, 17); Gr., The·os′ zon.—Compare Heb 3:12. MAJESTY. Gr., Me·ga·lo·sy′ne, denoting his lofty, superior position. (Compare Heb 1:3; 8:1.) MAJESTIC ONE. Heb., ʼAd·dir′.—Isa 33:21. MAKER. Heb., ʽO·seh′. (Ps 115:15; Jer 10:12) GRAND MAKER.—Isa 54:5. MOST HIGH. Heb., ʽEl·yohn′.—De 32:8; Ps 9:2; 83:18. MOST HOLY ONE. Heb., Qedho·shim′, plural to denote excellence and majesty.—Pr 30:3. OVERSEER OF YOUR SOULS. 1Pe 2:25. THE ROCK. Heb., hats·Tsur′. (De 32:4) Figuratively used to describe Jehovah’s qualities as perfect, just, faithful, righteous and upright; as father (De 32:18); as a stronghold (2Sa 22:32; Isa 17:10); as a secure height and refuge (Ps 62:7; 94:22); as a source of salvation.—De 32:15; Ps 95:1. SAVIOR. Heb., Moh·shi′aʽ (Isa 43:11; 45:21); Gr., So·ter′.—Compare Lu 1:47. SHEPHERD. Ps 23:1; 1Pe 2:25. SOVEREIGN LORD. Ge 15:2; Lu 2:29. See App 1E. SUPREME ONE. Aram., ʽEl·yoh·nin′.—Da 7:18, 22, 27. THE [TRUE] GOD. Heb., ha·ʼElo·him′.—See App 1F. THE [TRUE] GOD. Heb., ha·ʼEl′.—See App 1G. THE [TRUE] LORD. Heb., ha·ʼA·dhohn′. -

?Caro clienteA OPERADORA CELESTIAL informa:✅ Evite que sua intimidade com Jeová Deus seja bloqueada.✅ Faça já uma recarga de orações e ganhe Bônus de:Sabedoria, Paz , Alegria , Fé, Esperança, Perseverança e Contentamento!?E mais:✅ Fale com Jeová de graça por tempo ilimitado todos os dias! ??Discando Salmo 27:10; 46:1.E em Caso de aflição:?O Salmo 55:22 e Provérbios 3:5, 6.O resultado❓Filipenses 4:6, 7.✅ Todas as ligações devem ser feita em nome de ?Jesus Cristo! ✅ As Ligações são válidas...

I didn't know her as a mother but only as a friend. She was a very sweet and loving sister who was always smiling and fun. Life threw her a few hard knocks along the way I hear. I like to remember her pioneering with all of us and enjoying her days in good health. A big hug to her mother Mary. Agape! The Librarian Please help her family via her gofundme page

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Actually, we want the opposite. A letter was sent out to the BOE's almost two months ago. The elders were instructed to contact all Da's Df'ed and Faders to invite them to Memorial and also leave with them a copy of Return to Jehovah. Try to let love motivate your actions . As for their unrepentance, let Jesus be the final Judge. Our current JW.org policy says we should continue to not acknowledge their presence once they do show up. I can see where that might confuse you. However it is good for them to not forget the love from which they have been banned. oh... and not ALL worldly people are fornicators and idolaters. just sayin'

publicwitnessing.info These guys are so great. They do printing of Public Witnessing signs for local congregations and also Special Metropolitan program. All of them are pioneers and SPs. They do a great job, it’s super easy to order and delivery is fast. What a wonderful provision! Here’s this month’s sign: