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Un estudiante de Harvard ayudó a descifrar el misterioso código inca


Raquel Segovia

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Con solo 19 años, Manny Medrano encontró la pista para resolverlo. "Esta es la primera ocasión en que se 'lee' información de los nudos de un quipu", presentó. Se abre la puerta a conocer la forma de vida de los incas desde su propia perspectiva, no la de los españoles de la conquista

Manny Medrano con un modelo de quipus (Jon Chase/Harvard)

Generaciones de expertos no lograron descifrar el misterio: entre las maravillas del imperio inca, que se extendió en los siglos XV y XVI a lo largo de 2 millones de kilómetros cuadrados en la costa occidental de América del Sur, un sistema de cuerdas y nudos, llamado quipu, ocupó el lugar del lenguaje. Pero nadie logró descifrarlo

 

Son tan complejos los casi 1.000 quipus que se conservan en el mundo que apenas se sabe que se utilizaban para llevar contabilidades, registrar datos de censos, contar historias de la realeza inca y transmitir canciones. El peruanista británico William Burns Glynn, el primero en descubrir que los quipus eran un sistema gráfico de escritura, murió en 2014 sin haber logrado romper el código.

 
Manny Medrano con un modelo de quipus. A su lado, el profesor Gary Urton (Jon Chase/Harvard)
Manny Medrano con un modelo de quipus. A su lado, el profesor Gary Urton (Jon Chase/Harvard)
 

Tres años más tarde, un estudiante de Harvard, Manny Medrano, ha logrado hacerlo. Su hallazgo abre la posibilidad de comprender una enorme cantidad de información sobre el Tawantinsuyu, que creó impresionantes sistemas de caminos, una agricultura sofisticada y una arquitectura impresionante en parte de los territorios que hoy ocupan Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile y la Argentina.

Y ahora se comprende, al fin, también una escritura.

"Esto les da su propia voz a los incas", dijo Gary Urton, jefe del Departamento de Antropología y profesor de Estudios Precolombinos, quien dirigió la investigación de Medrano, un joven de 19 años en el momento en que comenzó la lectura de los quipus.

 
Uno de los menos de 1.000 quipus que quedan en el mundo (Wikipedia)
Uno de los menos de 1.000 quipus que quedan en el mundo (Wikipedia)

"Yo nunca pude comprender el significado secreto de estos sistemas", agregó en la nota de Harvard Gazette. "Manny los descrifró, concentrándose en sus colores y en su construcción (con la mano derecha o con la mano izquierda) y su dirección".

Aunque todavía no se ha graduado, Medrano, que tiene ahora 21 años, aparece como el autor principal del artículo que escribió junto con Urton para la publicación académica Ethnohistory, que saldrá en enero de 2018. "Esta es la primera ocasión en que se 'lee' información de los nudos de un quipu", se presenta el hallazgo.

 
El modelo de Medrano revela la vida en una comunidad del norte de Perú (Jon Chase/Harvard)
El modelo de Medrano revela la vida en una comunidad del norte de Perú (Jon Chase/Harvard)

"Pensamos que el lenguaje es hablado o escrito", dijo Medrano a The Boston Globe. "Pero el quipu va más allá de ese límite y hace del lenguaje algo que se puede percibir, tocar y manejar con las manos".

Medrano, que tiene un fuerte interés por la matemática, hizo gráficos para comparar los nudos de un quipu con un antiguo documento español, un censo realizado en la misma región de la costa norte de Perú donde vivió el conde italiano que rescató esos quipus. "Algo extraordinario me saltó a la vista entonces", dijo Medrano.

Advirtió que la cantidad de colores únicos de las cuerdas equivalía a la cantidad de nombres de pila en el censo español. "Por ejemplo —sintetizó el periódico de Massachusetts— si había ocho Felipes, todos se indicaban con un color, mientras que los Josés se indicaban con otro color".

 
Ejemplo de nudo de quipu (Wikipedia)
Ejemplo de nudo de quipu (Wikipedia)

Medrano vio que la diversidad era lo suficientemente grande como para codificar un lenguaje: "Había tantas combinaciones de colores, sólidos o mezclados", dijo.

Urton había establecido antes que el documento español aludía a 132 contribuyentes impositivos de un poblado. Medrano identificó 132 grupos de cuerdas.

"Cuando mis abuelos llegaron a este país hace un par de generaciones, no pensaron que alguien de la familia escribiría algo que iría a los libros de historia", dijo Medrano, de origen latino, a Harvard Gazette. "Creo que es importante incluir en los ámbitos de investigación a personas que se parezcan también a aquellos que son sus objetos de estudio".

 
Ejemplo de quipus incas (Colección del Museo Larco, Lima)
Ejemplo de quipus incas (Colección del Museo Larco, Lima)

Se espera que esta decodificación abra la puerta no solo a mucha información nueva sobre los incas, sino a información construida desde su propia perspectiva. "La única historia que tenemos del imperio inca es la que escribieron los españoles luego de la conquista", dijo Urton a The Boston Globe. "Y tienen toda clase de problemas, ya que las escribieron los españoles desde sus perspectivas, con sus prejuicios. Los quipus representan las historias de los propios incas".

Como no existe una Piedra de Rosetta para los quipus, no se podía recuperar esa narrativa. Pero Urton, que había estudiado unos 600, había reunido toda la información en la Base de Datos de Quipus que creó en Harvard en 2002. "Sabía que nuestra mayor posibilidad de descifrarlos sería en comparación con uno o más documentos españoles que registraran la misma información", dijo.

 
Ejemplo de nudos de quipu (Wikipedia)
Ejemplo de nudos de quipu (Wikipedia)

Y entonces Medrano se quedó sin planes para el receso universitario de Pascuas y decidió hacerlo. Así encontró que las cuerdas y los nudos hablan de los habitantes de Recuay, cerca del río Santa, y de sus divisiones geográficas y sociales, por ejemplo.

"Ahora sabemos no solo que había seis clanes en el valle, sino, también, cuál era el estatus de cada clan y de cada habitante", dijo el estudiante, que continuará con la exploración de los quipus.

 
Una imagen de un mensajero (chasqui) que lleva información en quipus (Wikipedia)
Una imagen de un mensajero (chasqui) que lleva información en quipus (Wikipedia)
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