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El "desastre ecológico" que aleja a los turistas de Cancún y Playa del Carmen


Raquel Segovia

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Las playas pierden su distintivo color turquesa por el sargazo. Los hoteles gastan más de 50.000 dólares por mes para limpiar la costa.

 

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El arribo masivo de sargazo a las playas mexicanas supondrá un desastre ecológico. (EFE/Alonso Cupul)

El arribo masivo de sargazo -una alga cuya proliferación en los últimos años obedece a motivos todavía poco claros- a las playas de México supondrá un desastre ecológico si no se establece un organismo central que actúe, advirtieron las especialistas Marta García y Brigitta Ine Van Tussenbroek, del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).

 

Las investigadoras ofrecieron una videoconferencia a medios desde Puerto Morelos en la que insistieron en que, a muy corto plazo, puede ocurrir un desastre ecológico con fatales consecuencias económicas en Quintana Roo, el estado del que forman parte Cancún, Playa del Carmen y Tulum.

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De acuerdo con Van Tussenbroek, la solución es frenar la llegada del alga a las playas desde sus lugares de origen, "el mar de sargazo original", situado cerca de las islas Bermudas, y un nuevo mar de sargazo originado recientemente al norte de Ecuador.

Este último se reproduce a una velocidad mucho mayor y es el principal responsable de las llegadas masivas registradas recientemente en las costas de Quintana Roo, que ya superaron en cantidad de algas a los de 2015 cuando faltan dos meses para finalizar la temporada habitual de arribo.

Se está formando un nuevo mar de sargazo al norte de Ecuador, es una zona mucho más cálida y tiene más nutrientes que el mar de sargazo original, esto hace que pueda crecer mucho más rápidamente", explicó la científica, quien puntualizó que las algas de esa zona pueden "duplicar su biomasa en 18 días".

Hasta ahora se han realizado muy pocos estudios sobre el impacto de este nuevo fenómeno en la costa, su origen y detención, así como sus consecuencias económicas.

No obstante, las expertas atribuyeron de forma preliminar el origen a los cambios en las corrientes derivados del cambio climático y a la cantidad de contaminación que se vierte cada día al mar, la cual hace que haya más nutrientes, que son usados por el sargazo para crecer con más rapidez.

Además, revelaron la cifra tentativa del gasto de los hoteles de Quintana Roo para limpiar las playas, que empiezan a perder el distintivo color turquesa:gastan al mes cerca de 1 millón de pesos (53.755 dólares).

El atractivo de este turismo son los mares azul turquesa y la arena blanca. Si los turistas sólo ven playas con toneladas de materia orgánica en descomposición con malos olores, no van a regresar. Existe un riesgo serio de que este estado pierda su fuente principal de ingreso, que es su turismo", aseveró.

Pero más allá de la perturbación del paisaje que supone, el sargazo acaba con el oxígeno presente en el mar y provoca cambios en el ecosistema que, de no detener pronto las llegadas, pueden ser irreversibles según la experta, quien especificó que "seguirá habiendo ecosistema, pero no será igual".

Al respecto de la mitigación del fenómeno, apuntó que no es tarea sencilla pero que "la base para evitar que se convierta en un desastre ecológico y socioeconómico es evitar que llegue en estas cantidades a las playas"

Para ello, "se tienen que estudiar cuáles son las mejores técnicas de retiro para evitar pescar toda una fauna asociada al sargazo"

 

Puede cosecharse mediante barcos que son bastante efectivos, pero esto, otra vez, tiene que estudiarse bien", reiteró.

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Una vez que llega a las playas, existen otros lineamientos para proceder, que van desde acciones que la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Semarnat) lleva aplicando desde 2015 a acciones ciudadanas o de los complejos hoteleros.

Pero una vez retirado, deben "encontrarse mejores lugares donde guardar el sargazo una vez recolectado", algo que todavía no está bien regulado.

Sabiendo la magnitud de la problemática, las investigadoras hicieron un llamado a la creación de un órgano que dirija todos esos esfuerzos que ya existen a nivel individual para manejar el sargazo de manera adecuada y coordinar 

todos los esfuerzos en una misma dirección.

(EFE)

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